Analysis of the Serum Profile of Cytokines Involved in the T-Helper Cell Type 17 Immune Response Pathway in Atopic Children with Food Allergy

The main risk factor for the development of food allergies (FAs) in children is atopic dermatitis (AD). AD is usually recognized as the Th1/Th2 paradigm of allergic disease. Recently, the Th1/Th2 paradigm in allergy and autoimmunity has been revised, including the role of the Th17 cell population and related cytokines. However, there are only a few studies that have found Th17 cytokine involvement in the allergic inflammatory response, especially with food allergens. This research aimed to analyze the serum profile of cytokines involved in the T-helper cell type 17 immune response pathway in young, atopic children with an IgE-mediated and delayed-type FA. The study involved 76 children (0–5 years old) with chronic AD. We used the Bio-Plex system to simultaneously determine the concentrations of 15 different cytokines in one experiment. In accordance with complete dermatological and allergological examination, including OFC testing and ALEX2 assays, participants were divided into 3 groups: IgE-mediated FA, delayed-type FA, and the control group. Data were analyzed using univariate statistical tests. In the IgE-mediated FA group, the circulating levels of tested cytokines had increased compared with those of other patients; however, a statistically significant difference was only obtained for IL-1beta ( p < 0.05). According to the ROC curves, IL-1beta may be considered an effective predictor of IgE-mediated FA in AD children ( p < 0.05; AUC = 0.67). In the delayed-type FA group, the concentration of most cytokines had slightly decreased compared to the control group. The obtained results suggest that FA influences the Th17-related cytokine profile in the serum of AD children. More advanced studies are needed to confirm the involvement of Th17 cytokines in the allergic inflammatory response and to prove their usefulness in clinical practice.