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Potential Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Spilanthes acmella and Its Health Beneficial Effects: A Review

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  • Rohanizah Abdul Rahim

    (Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
    Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Malaysia)

  • Putri Ayu Jayusman

    (Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Norliza Muhammad

    (Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Norazlina Mohamed

    (Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Vuanghao Lim

    (Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Malaysia)

  • Nor Hazwani Ahmad

    (Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Malaysia)

  • Sharlina Mohamad

    (Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13200, Malaysia)

  • Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid

    (School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, NibongTebal 14300, Malaysia)

  • Fairus Ahmad

    (Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Norfilza Mokhtar

    (Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

  • Ahmad Nazrun Shuid

    (Faculty of Medicine UiTM, Sg Buloh 47000, Malaysia)

  • Isa Naina Mohamed

    (Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia)

Abstract

Oxidative stress and inflammation are two common risk factors of various life-threatening disease pathogenesis. In recent years, medicinal plants that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were extensively studied for their potential role in treating and preventing diseases. Spilanthes acmella ( S. acmella ), which has been traditionally used to treat toothache in Malaysia, contains various active metabolites responsible for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and anesthetic bioactivities. These bioactivities were attributed to bioactive compounds, such as phenolic, flavonoids, and alkamides. The review focused on the summarization of in vitro and in vivo experimental reports on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of S. acmella , as well as how they contributed to potential health benefits in lowering the risk of diseases that were related to oxidative stress. The molecular mechanism of S. acmella in reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory targets, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), transcription factors of the nuclear factor-κB family (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were discussed. Besides, the antioxidant potential of S. acmella was measured by total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide anion radical scavenging (SOD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assays. This review revealed that S. acmella might have a potential role as a reservoir of bioactive agents contributing to the observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and health beneficial effects.

Suggested Citation

  • Rohanizah Abdul Rahim & Putri Ayu Jayusman & Norliza Muhammad & Norazlina Mohamed & Vuanghao Lim & Nor Hazwani Ahmad & Sharlina Mohamad & Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid & Fairus Ahmad & Norfilza Mokhtar & Ah, 2021. "Potential Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Spilanthes acmella and Its Health Beneficial Effects: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-15, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:7:p:3532-:d:526076
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gökhan S. Hotamisligil, 2017. "Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders," Nature, Nature, vol. 542(7640), pages 177-185, February.
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