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Benzene Exposure and Cancer Risk from Commercial Gasoline Station Fueling Events Using a Novel Self-Sampling Protocol

Author

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  • Andrew N. Patton

    (Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    CARTEEH (Centers for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), Texas Transportation Institute, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

  • Misti Levy-Zamora

    (Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    CARTEEH (Centers for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), Texas Transportation Institute, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

  • Mary Fox

    (CARTEEH (Centers for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), Texas Transportation Institute, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Department of Health Policy and Management and Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

  • Kirsten Koehler

    (Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    CARTEEH (Centers for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health), Texas Transportation Institute, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

Abstract

Tens of millions of individuals go to gasoline stations on a daily basis in the United States. One of the constituents of gasoline is benzene, a Group 1 carcinogen that has been strongly linked to both occupational and non-occupational leukemias. While benzene content in gasoline is federally regulated, there is approximately a thirty-year data gap in United States research on benzene exposures from pumping gasoline. Using a novel self-sampling protocol with whole air canisters, we conducted a gasoline pumping exposure assessment for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) on Baltimore, MD consumers. Geometric mean exposures (geometric standard deviations) were 3.2 (2.7) ppb,9.5 (3.5) ppb, 2.0 (2.8) ppb, and 7.3 (3.0) ppb, respectively, on 32 samples. Using the benzene exposures, we conducted consumer and occupational probabilistic risk assessments and contextualized the risk with ambient benzene exposure risk. We found that the consumer scenarios did not approach the 1:1,000,000 excess risk management threshold and that the occupational scenario did not exceed the 1:10,000 excess risk management threshold. Further, in all Monte Carlo trials, the ambient risk from benzene exposure exceeded that of pumping risk for consumers, but that in approximately 30% of occupational trials, the pumping risk exceeded the ambient risk.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrew N. Patton & Misti Levy-Zamora & Mary Fox & Kirsten Koehler, 2021. "Benzene Exposure and Cancer Risk from Commercial Gasoline Station Fueling Events Using a Novel Self-Sampling Protocol," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-15, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:4:p:1872-:d:499580
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mary B. Paxton & Vernon M. Chinchilli & Susan M. Brett & Joseph V. Rodricks, 1994. "Leukemia Risk Associated with Benzene Exposure in the Pliofilm Cohort. II. Risk Estimates," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(2), pages 155-161, April.
    2. Mary B. Paxton & Vernon M. Chinchilli & Susan M. Brett & Joseph V. Rodricks, 1994. "Leukemia Risk Associated with Benzene Exposure in the Pliofilm Cohort: I. Mortality Update and Exposure Distribution," Risk Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 14(2), pages 147-154, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Paola Mozzoni & Diana Poli & Silvana Pinelli & Sara Tagliaferri & Massimo Corradi & Delia Cavallo & Cinzia Lucia Ursini & Daniela Pigini, 2023. "Benzene Exposure and MicroRNAs Expression: In Vitro, In Vivo and Human Findings," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-16, January.
    2. Xiangjing Gao & Peng Wang & Yong Hu & Yiyao Cao & Weiming Yuan & Yuqing Luan & Changjian Quan & Zhen Zhou & Hua Zou, 2023. "Exposure Concentrations and Inhalation Risk of Submicron Particles in a Gasoline Station—A Pilot Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-13, June.

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