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Gender Differences in The Factors associated with Hypertension in Non-Diabetic Saudi Adults—A Cross-Sectional Study

Author

Listed:
  • Rajaa Al-Raddadi

    (Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia
    Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Research Unit, King Fahd for Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia)

  • Jawaher Al-Ahmadi

    (Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia
    Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Research Unit, King Fahd for Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia)

  • Suhad Bahijri

    (Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia
    Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Research Unit, King Fahd for Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia)

  • Ghada M. Ajabnoor

    (Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia
    Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Research Unit, King Fahd for Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia)

  • Hanan Jambi

    (Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia
    Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Research Unit, King Fahd for Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia)

  • Sumia Enani

    (Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia
    Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Research Unit, King Fahd for Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia)

  • Basmah Medhat Eldakhakhny

    (Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia
    Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Research Unit, King Fahd for Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia)

  • Lubna Alsheikh

    (Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia
    Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Research Unit, King Fahd for Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia)

  • Anwar Borai

    (Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia
    King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah 22384, Saudi Arabia)

  • Jaakko Tuomilehto

    (Saudi Diabetes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 3270, Saudi Arabia
    Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
    Public Health Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland)

Abstract

The association between lifestyle practices, obesity and increased BP are under-investigated. We aimed to investigate this association to identify the factors associated with hypertension and prehypertension in Saudis. Non-diabetic adults were recruited from public healthcare centers using a cross-sectional design. Recruits were interviewed using a predesigned questionnaire. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), neck circumference (NC) and BP were measured. The variables were analyzed by comparing the prehypertensive and hypertensive groups with the normotensive group. A total of 1334 adults were included. The study found that 47.2% of men and 24.7% of women were prehypertensive, and 15.1% of men and 14.4% of women were hypertensive. High BMI, WC, NC, and WC: HC ratios were associated with an increased risk of prehypertension and hypertension in men and women. Low physical activity was associated with an increased risk of elevated BP in men, while sleep duration of ≤6 h and sitting for ≥4 h were associated with increased risk in women. Women from central Asia, southeast Asia, and those of mixed origin had a higher prevalence of hypertension compared to those from Arabian tribes. In conclusion, prehypertension and hypertension increase with age and obesity. Gender differences were apparent in the association between several lifestyle practices and prehypertension or hypertension among various ethnic/racial groups.

Suggested Citation

  • Rajaa Al-Raddadi & Jawaher Al-Ahmadi & Suhad Bahijri & Ghada M. Ajabnoor & Hanan Jambi & Sumia Enani & Basmah Medhat Eldakhakhny & Lubna Alsheikh & Anwar Borai & Jaakko Tuomilehto, 2021. "Gender Differences in The Factors associated with Hypertension in Non-Diabetic Saudi Adults—A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-14, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:21:p:11371-:d:667806
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Qian Wang & Lingzhong Xu & Jiajia Li & Long Sun & Wenzhe Qin & Gan Ding & Jing Zhu & Jiao Zhang & Zihang Yu & Su Xie, 2018. "Association of Anthropometric Indices of Obesity with Hypertension in Chinese Elderly: An Analysis of Age and Gender Differences," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-14, April.
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