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Polish Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Lower Limb Functional Index (LLFI) Demonstrates a Valid Outcome Measure for the Lower Limb Region and Joints

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  • Agnieszka Bejer

    (Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
    The Holy Family Specialist Hospital, Rudna Mała, 36-060 Głogów Małopolski, Poland)

  • Agnieszka Bieś

    (Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland)

  • Sylwia Kyc

    (Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland)

  • Magdalena Lorenc

    (Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland)

  • Piotr Mataczyński

    (Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland)

  • Elżbieta Domka-Jopek

    (Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland)

  • Markus Melloh

    (Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
    School of Health Professions, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
    Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
    UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia)

  • Charles Philip Gabel

    (Access Physiotherapy, Coolum Beach, QLD 4573, Australia)

Abstract

This study aimed to perform linguistic and cross-cultural adaptation to establish a Polish version of the Lower Limb Functional Index (LLFI) as well as an evaluation of the psychometric properties. This was a two-stage, cross-sectional study. The first stage—linguistic and cultural adaptation, complied with the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research guidelines to produce the Lower Limb Functional Index, Polish version (LLFI-PL). The subjects were recruited to the second stage of the study from a sample of convenience ( n = 125, age x - = 52.86 ± 19.53 years, 56% female, symptoms duration x - = 17.69 ± 18.39 weeks). Baseline reliability was performed on the LLFI-PL with retest period at 3–7 days. The Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), EuroQol Health Questionnaire 5-Dimensions 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L), and an 11-point Pain Numerical Rating Scale (P-NRS) were completed to assess the validity of the LLFI-PL. Statistical analysis showed high internal consistency (α = 0.94), and excellent test–retest reliability (ICC 2.1 = 0.96). The measurement error was SEM = 1.69% with MDC 90 = 3.93%. Construct validity demonstrated strong correlations between the LLFI-PL and WOMAC (r = 0.81) and moderate correlations with the EQ-5D-5L ( r = −0.63) and P-NRS ( r = −0.39). Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a single-factor structure. The LLFI-PL is a psychometrically sound questionnaire for Polish-speaking patients with lower limb musculoskeletal conditions. The results support findings from the previous original English, Spanish, and Turkish versions.

Suggested Citation

  • Agnieszka Bejer & Agnieszka Bieś & Sylwia Kyc & Magdalena Lorenc & Piotr Mataczyński & Elżbieta Domka-Jopek & Markus Melloh & Charles Philip Gabel, 2021. "Polish Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Lower Limb Functional Index (LLFI) Demonstrates a Valid Outcome Measure for the Lower Limb Region and Joints," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-14, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:18:p:9894-:d:639409
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. K. Klose & S. Kreimeier & U. Tangermann & I. Aumann & K. Damm, 2016. "Patient- and person-reports on healthcare: preferences, outcomes, experiences, and satisfaction – an essay," Health Economics Review, Springer, vol. 6(1), pages 1-11, December.
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