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Effect of Motor Imagery Training on Motor Learning in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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  • Frank Behrendt

    (Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland
    Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3400 Burgdorf, Switzerland)

  • Valerie Zumbrunnen

    (Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland
    Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Science, 3007 Bern, Switzerland)

  • Lynn Brem

    (Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland
    Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland)

  • Zorica Suica

    (Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland)

  • Szabina Gäumann

    (Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland)

  • Carina Ziller

    (Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland)

  • Ulrich Gerth

    (Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland
    Department of Medicine D, Division of General Internal Medicine, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany)

  • Corina Schuster-Amft

    (Reha Rheinfelden, Research Department, 4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland
    Department of Engineering and Information Technology, Bern University of Applied Sciences, 3400 Burgdorf, Switzerland
    Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland)

Abstract

Background : There is an urgent need to systematically analyze the growing body of literature on the effect of motor imagery (MI) training in children and adolescents. Methods : Seven databases and clinicaltrials.gov were searched. Two reviewers independently screened references and full texts, and extracted data (studies’ methodology, MI elements, temporal parameters). Two studies were meta-analyzed providing the standard mean difference (SDM). Selected studies were evaluated with the risk of bias (RoB) and GRADE tools. Results : A total of 7238 references were retrieved. The sample size of the 22 included studies, published between 1995 and 2021, ranged from 18 to 136 participants, totaling 934 (nine to 18 years). Studies included healthy pupils, mentally retarded adolescents, children with motor coordination difficulties or with mild mental disabilities. The motor learning tasks focused on upper, lower and whole body movements. SMDs for the primary outcome of pooled studies varied between 0.83 to 1.87 (95% CI, I 2 , T 2 varied 0.33–3.10; p = 0.001; 0–74%; 0–0.59). RoB varied between some concerns and high risk. GRADE rating was low. Conclusions : MI combined with physical practice (PP) might have a high potential for healthy and impaired children and adolescents. However, important reporting recommendations (PETTLEP, TIDieR, CONSORT) should be followed. The systematic review was registered with PROSPERO: CRD42021237361.

Suggested Citation

  • Frank Behrendt & Valerie Zumbrunnen & Lynn Brem & Zorica Suica & Szabina Gäumann & Carina Ziller & Ulrich Gerth & Corina Schuster-Amft, 2021. "Effect of Motor Imagery Training on Motor Learning in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-27, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:18:p:9467-:d:631333
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kenneth F Schulz & Douglas G Altman & David Moher & for the CONSORT Group, 2010. "CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(3), pages 1-7, March.
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