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Did Affiliate Stigma Predict Affective and Behavioral Outcomes in Caregivers and Their Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

Author

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  • Chih-Cheng Chang

    (Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 70246, Taiwan
    Department of Health Psychology, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 71101, Taiwan
    Chih-Cheng Chang and Yu-Min Chen contributed equally to this work.)

  • Yu-Min Chen

    (Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Chih-Cheng Chang and Yu-Min Chen contributed equally to this work.)

  • Ray C. Hsiao

    (Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
    Department of Psychiatry, Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98105, USA)

  • Wen-Jiun Chou

    (College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
    Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Cheng-Fang Yen

    (Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
    Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan)

Abstract

The aim of this follow-up study was to examine the predictive values of caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline for depression in caregivers and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 1 year later. The Study on Affiliate Stigma in Caregivers of Children with ADHD surveyed the levels of affiliate stigma and depression in 400 caregivers and the behavioral problems of their children with ADHD. The levels of the caregivers’ depression and children’s behavioral problems were assessed 1 year later. The associations of caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline with depression in caregivers and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children with ADHD at follow-up were examined using stepwise multiple regression. The results indicated that before caregivers’ depression and children’s behavioral problems at baseline were controlled, caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline positively predicted caregivers’ depression and all children’s behavioral problems. After caregivers’ depression and children’s behavioral problems at baseline were controlled, caregivers’ affiliate stigma at baseline still positively predicted children’s affective and somatic problems. Parenting training and cognitive behavioral therapy should be provided to caregivers with intense affiliate stigma to prevent emotional problems and difficulties in managing their children’s behavioral problems.

Suggested Citation

  • Chih-Cheng Chang & Yu-Min Chen & Ray C. Hsiao & Wen-Jiun Chou & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2021. "Did Affiliate Stigma Predict Affective and Behavioral Outcomes in Caregivers and Their Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-10, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:14:p:7532-:d:594703
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wen-Jiun Chou & Tai-Ling Liu & Ray C. Hsiao & Yu-Min Chen & Chih-Cheng Chang & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2020. "Application and Perceived Effectiveness of Complementary and Alternative Intervention Strategies for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Relationships with Affiliate Stigma," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-13, February.
    2. Wen-Jiun Chou & Tai-Ling Liu & Ray C. Hsiao & Yu-Min Chen & Chih-Cheng Chang & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2020. "Caregiver-Attributed Etiologies of Children’s Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Study in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-13, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jia-In Lee & Ray C. Hsiao & Ching-Shu Tsai & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2022. "Caregivers’ Difficulty in Managing Smartphone Use of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Relationships with Caregiver and Children Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-11, April.
    2. Wen-Jiun Chou & Ray C. Hsiao & Chih-Cheng Chang & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2021. "Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A One-Year Follow-Up Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-13, August.
    3. Pei-Yun Lin & Wen-Jiun Chou & Ray C. Hsiao & Tai-Ling Liu & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2023. "Association of Affiliate Stigma with Parenting Stress and Its Moderators among Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-11, February.

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    1. Pei-Yun Lin & Wen-Jiun Chou & Ray C. Hsiao & Tai-Ling Liu & Cheng-Fang Yen, 2023. "Association of Affiliate Stigma with Parenting Stress and Its Moderators among Caregivers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-11, February.

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