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Assessment of PM 2.5 Exposure during Cycle Trips in The Netherlands Using Low-Cost Sensors

Author

Listed:
  • Joost Wesseling

    (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands)

  • Wouter Hendricx

    (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands)

  • Henri de Ruiter

    (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands)

  • Sjoerd van Ratingen

    (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands)

  • Derko Drukker

    (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands)

  • Maaike Huitema

    (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
    Province of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80300, 3508 TH Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Claar Schouwenaar

    (Province of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80300, 3508 TH Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Geert Janssen

    (Province of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80300, 3508 TH Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Stephen van Aken

    (Province of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80300, 3508 TH Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Jan Willem Smeenk

    (SODAQ, Bussumerstraat 34, 1211 BL Hilversum, The Netherlands)

  • Arjen Hof

    (Civity B.V., Handelsweg 6, 3707 NH Zeist, The Netherlands)

  • Erik Tielemans

    (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands)

Abstract

Air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ), is a major environmental risk factor for human health in Europe. Monitoring of air quality takes place using expensive reference stations. Low-cost sensors are a promising addition to this official monitoring network as they add spatial and temporal resolution at low cost. Moreover, low-cost sensors might allow for better characterization of personal exposure to PM 2.5 . In this study, we use 500 dust (PM 2.5 ) sensors mounted on bicycles to estimate typical PM 2.5 levels to which cyclists are exposed in the province of Utrecht, the Netherlands, in the year 2020. We use co-located sensors at reference stations to calibrate and validate the mobile sensor data. We estimate that the average exposure to traffic related PM 2 . 5, on top of background concentrations, is approximately 2 μg/m 3 . Our results suggest that cyclists close to major roads have a small, but consistently higher exposure to PM 2.5 compared to routes with less traffic. The results allow for a detailed spatial representation of PM 2.5 concentrations and show that choosing a different cycle route might lead to a lower exposure to PM 2.5 . Finally, we conclude that the use of mobile, low-cost sensors is a promising method to estimate exposure to air pollution.

Suggested Citation

  • Joost Wesseling & Wouter Hendricx & Henri de Ruiter & Sjoerd van Ratingen & Derko Drukker & Maaike Huitema & Claar Schouwenaar & Geert Janssen & Stephen van Aken & Jan Willem Smeenk & Arjen Hof & Erik, 2021. "Assessment of PM 2.5 Exposure during Cycle Trips in The Netherlands Using Low-Cost Sensors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-23, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:11:p:6007-:d:568187
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Francesca Borghi & Andrea Spinazzè & Sabrina Rovelli & Davide Campagnolo & Luca Del Buono & Andrea Cattaneo & Domenico M. Cavallo, 2017. "Miniaturized Monitors for Assessment of Exposure to Air Pollutants: A Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-15, August.
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