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Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population

Author

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  • Immacolata Cristina Nettore

    (Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via S. Pansini, 5–80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Luigi Maione

    (Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via S. Pansini, 5–80131 Naples, Italy
    Current Address: Universitè Paris Saclay Service d’Endocrinologie et Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitarie de Bicetre, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris—94270—Le Kremlin Bicetre.)

  • Silvio Desiderio

    (Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via S. Pansini, 5–80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Emma De Nisco

    (Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via S. Pansini, 5–80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Fabiana Franchini

    (Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via S. Pansini, 5–80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Giuseppe Palatucci

    (Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via S. Pansini, 5–80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Paola Ungaro

    (Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale “Gaetano Salvatore”, Via S. Pansini, 5–80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Elena Cantone

    (Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via S. Pansini, 5–80131 Naples, Italy)

  • Paolo Emidio Macchia

    (Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via S. Pansini, 5–80131 Naples, Italy
    P.E.M. and A.C. should both be considered as last authors.)

  • Annamaria Colao

    (Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Via S. Pansini, 5–80131 Naples, Italy
    P.E.M. and A.C. should both be considered as last authors.)

Abstract

(1) Background: Flavor is one of the main factors influencing food preferences and dietary choices, and a reduction in flavor recognition has been associated with several diseases. A novel quantitative test to assess flavor has been recently developed and validated. The aim of the present work was to define the standard of flavor recognition in the general healthy population. (2) Methods: Three hundred and forty-eight healthy volunteers (18–80 years) performed the flavor test (FT). The test consisted of the oral administration of aqueous aromatic solutions, identifying 21 different compounds. Flavor score (FS) was calculated as the sum of the properly recognized flavors (range 0–21). (3) Results: Normal ranges for FT were produced. Flavor recognition was found to decrease with age. Females obtained slightly higher scores than males, mostly at older ages. Cigarette smoking seemed not to influence flavor recognition. (4) Conclusion: The normal values found for the flavor test in the healthy population will allow its usage as a diagnostic tool in several diseases.

Suggested Citation

  • Immacolata Cristina Nettore & Luigi Maione & Silvio Desiderio & Emma De Nisco & Fabiana Franchini & Giuseppe Palatucci & Paola Ungaro & Elena Cantone & Paolo Emidio Macchia & Annamaria Colao, 2020. "Influences of Age, Sex and Smoking Habit on Flavor Recognition in Healthy Population," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-11, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:3:p:959-:d:316368
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Katherine M. Appleton & Eleanor Smith, 2016. "A Role for Identification in the Gradual Decline in the Pleasantness of Flavors With Age," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 71(6), pages 987-994.
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    Cited by:

    1. Naveed Ahmed & Sohaib Arshad & Syed Nahid Basheer & Mohmed Isaqali Karobari & Anand Marya & Charu Mohan Marya & Pratibha Taneja & Pietro Messina & Chan Yean Yean & Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina, 2021. "Smoking a Dangerous Addiction: A Systematic Review on an Underrated Risk Factor for Oral Diseases," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-16, October.

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