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Long-Term Heavy Metal Retention by Mangroves and Effect on Its Growth: A Field Inventory and Scenario Simulation

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  • Anh Nguyen

    (Institute for Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, 142 To Hien Thanh, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 72506, Vietnam)

  • Otto Richter

    (Institute of Geoecology, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany)

  • Bao V.Q. Le

    (Institute for Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, 142 To Hien Thanh, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 72506, Vietnam)

  • Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong

    (National Institute of Applied Mechanics and Informatics, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 291 Dien Bien Phu, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City 722007, Vietnam)

  • Kim Chi Dinh

    (Institute for Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, 142 To Hien Thanh, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 72506, Vietnam)

Abstract

The ability of mangroves in taking up and storing heavy metal (HM) helps in reducing HM pollution. However, HMs likewise adversely affect the growth of mangroves. We assess the effects of the long-term soil HMs enrichment on the growth of Rhizophora apiculata forest in the Can Gio Mangrove Forest (Southern Vietnam) in different environmental conditions of soil salinity, ground elevation, and tree density based on a novel set of measured data. These data were analyzed and were used to calibrate and validate for a tree growth model with influencing factors salinity, elevation, tree density, and heavy metals content. Three scenario simulations were performed to predict the mangrove dynamics under different levels of heavy metal pollution in combined environmental conditions of salinity and elevation. Simulation results show the decline of total forest biomass from 1,750,000 tons (baseline scenario with no HM pollution) down to 850,000 tons and 350,000 tons for the current HM pollution and double HM pollution scenarios, respectively. Both data analysis and simulations have shown that although mangroves can assist in reducing HM pollution, the quality and health of this ecosystem will be severely affected if the environment is excessively polluted. In addition, a data-and-model driven management tool is devised for the sustainable management of the mangrove environmental resources.

Suggested Citation

  • Anh Nguyen & Otto Richter & Bao V.Q. Le & Nguyen Thi Kim Phuong & Kim Chi Dinh, 2020. "Long-Term Heavy Metal Retention by Mangroves and Effect on Its Growth: A Field Inventory and Scenario Simulation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-24, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:23:p:9131-:d:458096
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Anh Nguyen & Bao V.Q Le & Otto Richter, 2020. "The Role of Mangroves in the Retention of Heavy Metal (Chromium): A Simulation Study in the Thi Vai River Catchment, Vietnam," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-22, August.
    2. Sheaves, Marcus & Brookes, Justin & Coles, Rob & Freckelton, Marnie & Groves, Paul & Johnston, Ross & Winberg, Pia, 2014. "Repair and revitalisation of Australia׳s tropical estuaries and coastal wetlands: Opportunities and constraints for the reinstatement of lost function and productivity," Marine Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 23-38.
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    Cited by:

    1. Anh Nguyen, 2024. "How Pollution and Climate Change Affect the Future of Mangrove Forest—A Simulation Study on the Mangrove Area in the Thi Vai Catchment, Vietnam," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-23, January.

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