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Psychological Impact of the Quarantine-Induced Stress during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak among Italian Athletes

Author

Listed:
  • Alessandra di Cagno

    (Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Lauro de Bosis Square, 15, 00197 Rome, Italy)

  • Andrea Buonsenso

    (Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy)

  • Francesca Baralla

    (Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy)

  • Elisa Grazioli

    (Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Lauro de Bosis Square, 15, 00197 Rome, Italy)

  • Giulia Di Martino

    (Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Lauro de Bosis Square, 15, 00197 Rome, Italy)

  • Edoardo Lecce

    (Department of Motor, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Lauro de Bosis Square, 15, 00197 Rome, Italy)

  • Giuseppe Calcagno

    (Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy)

  • Giovanni Fiorilli

    (Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, v. De Sanctis 1, 86100 Campobasso, Italy)

Abstract

The 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak caused home confinement, as well as training and sport competitions withdrawals. The prolonged inactivity impact, and lack of in-person interactions among teammates-coaches, could negatively affect athletes. Total of 1508 self-selected Italian athletes, 338 children (aged 10.52 ± 1.31), 499 adolescents (aged 14.17 ± 1.13), and 671 adults (aged 27.59 ± 10.73), completed the Impact of Event Scale (IES-8, IES-15, and IES-R, respectively). Differences by gender, type of sport (individual vs. team), and competitive level (elite vs. amateur) were examined. One-way ANOVAs showed, in adults, significant differences between genders for perceived stress impact total score (TS; p = 0.017) and avoidance behavior, with higher scores in women ( p = 0.045). Between individual and team sport, significant differences were found in TS ( p = 0.038) and hyperarousal ( p = 0.030), with higher results in individual. Adult elite athletes showed significantly higher scores in hyperarousal ( p = 0.020) than amateurs. Significant differences were found between gender in adolescents for avoidance ( p = 0.011), and between competitive levels in children, for intrusion ( p = 0.020). These evidences may raise awareness on distress effects of COVID-19 lockdown among athletes and suggested applying specific well-being protocols during the activity resumption, considering gender, type of sport, and competitive level.

Suggested Citation

  • Alessandra di Cagno & Andrea Buonsenso & Francesca Baralla & Elisa Grazioli & Giulia Di Martino & Edoardo Lecce & Giuseppe Calcagno & Giovanni Fiorilli, 2020. "Psychological Impact of the Quarantine-Induced Stress during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak among Italian Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-13, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:23:p:8867-:d:453005
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Elisa Grazioli & Claudia Cerulli & Ivan Dimauro & Elisa Moretti & Arianna Murri & Attilio Parisi, 2020. "New Strategy of Home-Based Exercise during Pandemic COVID-19 in Breast Cancer Patients: A Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-9, August.
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    1. Tadeusz Ambroży & Łukasz Rydzik & Zbigniew Obmiński & Andrzej T. Klimek & Natalia Serafin & Artur Litwiniuk & Robert Czaja & Wojciech Czarny, 2021. "The Impact of Reduced Training Activity of Elite Kickboxers on Physical Fitness, Body Build, and Performance during Competitions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-11, April.
    2. Alicja Jurecka & Paulina Skucińska & Artur Gądek, 2021. "Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Pandemic on Physical Activity, Mental Health and Quality of Life in Professional Athletes—A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(17), pages 1-16, September.
    3. Giovanni Fiorilli & Andrea Buonsenso & Nicola Davola & Giulia Di Martino & Francesca Baralla & Stefanos Boutious & Marco Centorbi & Giuseppe Calcagno & Alessandra di Cagno, 2021. "Stress Impact of COVID-19 Sports Restrictions on Disabled Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-11, November.
    4. Denis Frank Cunza-Aranzábal & Wilter C. Morales-García & Jacksaint Saintila & Salomón Huancahuire-Vega & Percy G. Ruiz Mamani, 2022. "Psychometric Analysis of the Quarantine Coping Strategies Scale (Q-COPE) in the Spanish Language," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-14, November.
    5. Jad Adrian Washif & Achraf Ammar & Khaled Trabelsi & Karim Chamari & Christabelle Sheau Miin Chong & Siti Fuzyma Ayu Mohd Kassim & Philip Chun Foong Lew & Abdulaziz Farooq & David B. Pyne & Carl James, 2021. "Regression Analysis of Perceived Stress among Elite Athletes from Changes in Diet, Routine and Well-Being: Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown and “Bubble” Training Camps," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-15, December.
    6. Francesca Vitali & Elisa Bisagno & Marinella Coco & Alessia Cadamuro & Nelson Mauro Maldonato & Donatella Di Corrado, 2022. "A Moderated Mediation Analysis of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Well-Being and Sport Readiness of Italian Team Sports Players: The Role of Perceived Safety of the Training Environment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-15, February.
    7. Issei Ogasawara & Shigeto Hamaguchi & Ryosuke Hasegawa & Yukihiro Akeda & Naoki Ota & Gajanan S. Revankar & Shoji Konda & Takashi Taguchi & Toshiya Takanouchi & Kojiro Imoto & Nobukazu Okimoto & Katsu, 2021. "Successful Reboot of High-Performance Sporting Activities by Japanese National Women’s Handball Team in Tokyo, 2020 during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Initiative Using the Japan Sports–Cyber Physical Sy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-16, September.
    8. Sergio Costa & Eugenio De Gregorio & Lisa Zurzolo & Giampaolo Santi & Edoardo Giorgio Ciofi & Francesco Di Gruttola & Luana Morgilli & Cristina Montesano & Francesca Cavallerio & Maurizio Bertollo & S, 2022. "Athletes and Coaches through the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative View of Goal Management," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-15, April.
    9. Germina-Alina Cosma & Alina Chiracu & Amalia Raluca Stepan & Marian Alexandru Cosma & Marian Costin Nanu & Florin Voinea & Khalid Walid Bibi & Cătălin Păunescu & Monoem Haddad, 2021. "COVID-19 Pandemic and Quality of Life among Romanian Athletes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-13, April.

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