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Distribution, Sources, and Water Quality Assessment of Dissolved Heavy Metals in the Jiulongjiang River Water, Southeast China

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  • Bin Liang

    (School of Scientific Research, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China)

  • Guilin Han

    (School of Scientific Research, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China)

  • Man Liu

    (School of Scientific Research, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China)

  • Kunhua Yang

    (School of Scientific Research, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China)

  • Xiaoqiang Li

    (School of Scientific Research, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China)

  • Jinke Liu

    (School of Scientific Research, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China)

Abstract

In this study, the concentration of eight dissolved heavy metals (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Mo, Sb, and Ba) in 42 water samples from the Jiulongjiang River, southeast China, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multivariate statistical methods, including correlation analysis (CA) and factor and principal component analysis (FA/PCA), were analyzed to identify the sources of the elements. Water quality index (WQI) and health risk assessment, including hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI), were used to evaluate water quality and the impacts on human health. Our results were compared with the drinking water guidelines reported by China, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), revealing that Ti, Mn, and Sb were not within approved limits at some sites and might be the main pollutants in the drainage basin. Based on the spatial distributions, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Mo showed good similarity, indicating that they might come from similar sources along the river. The CA results also showed that Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Mo had a high correlation coefficient. The FA/PCA results identified three principal components (PC) that accounted for 79.46% of the total variance. PC 1 suggested that a mixed lithogenic and urban land source contributed to Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Mo; PC 2 showed that Cr, Ni, and Mo were influenced by the discharge of industrial effluents; Sb had a strong loading on PC 3, which was controlled by mining activities. The results of the WQI indicated that the water in the Jiulongjiang River was basically categorized as excellent water, but the water quality levels in site W5 and N4 were poorer due to urban land use. Hazard quotient and HI values showed that Sb was a potential threat to human health, indicating that preventive actions should be considered in regard to mining activities in the upper reaches of Beixi stream.

Suggested Citation

  • Bin Liang & Guilin Han & Man Liu & Kunhua Yang & Xiaoqiang Li & Jinke Liu, 2018. "Distribution, Sources, and Water Quality Assessment of Dissolved Heavy Metals in the Jiulongjiang River Water, Southeast China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-14, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:12:p:2752-:d:188191
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xin Zhang & Qiong Zheng & Lin Zhou & Jiawei Wei, 2018. "Nonpoint Pollution Source-Sink Landscape Pattern Change Analysis in a Coastal River Basin in Southeast China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-20, September.
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    1. Haoyu Tian & Guo-An Yu & Ling Tong & Renzhi Li & He Qing Huang & Arika Bridhikitti & Thayukorn Prabamroong, 2019. "Water Quality of the Mun River in Thailand—Spatiotemporal Variations and Potential Causes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-19, October.
    2. Sonia Torres-Rivera & José Ramón Torres-Hernández & Simón Eduardo Carranco-Lozada & María Elena García-Arreola & Rubén Alfonso López-Doncel & Jesús Anibal Montenegro-Ríos, 2023. "Anthropogenic Contamination in the Free Aquifer of the San Luis Potosí Valley," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(12), pages 1-23, June.
    3. Bin Liang & Guilin Han & Jie Zeng & Rui Qu & Man Liu & Jinke Liu, 2020. "Spatial Variation and Source of Dissolved Heavy Metals in the Lancangjiang River, Southwest China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-15, January.
    4. Jinfeng Zeng & Zuwen Liu & Xinggen Liu & Linan Zhang & Jun Zhang & Yangsong Zeng, 2023. "The Spatiotemporal Variations and Potential Causes of Water Quality of Headwaters of Dongjiang River, Southeastern China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-14, April.
    5. Yujie Chen & Yuan Yuan & Yuquan Zhou, 2022. "Exploring the Association between Neighborhood Blue Space and Self-Rated Health among Elderly Adults: Evidence from Guangzhou, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-17, December.
    6. Xizhi Nong & Dongguo Shao & Yi Xiao & Hua Zhong, 2019. "Spatio-Temporal Characterization Analysis and Water Quality Assessment of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-23, June.
    7. Xiaoqiang Li & Guilin Han & Man Liu & Kunhua Yang & Jinke Liu, 2019. "Hydro-Geochemistry of the River Water in the Jiulongjiang River Basin, Southeast China: Implications of Anthropogenic Inputs and Chemical Weathering," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-16, February.
    8. Jie Zeng & Guilin Han & Shitong Zhang & Qian Zhang, 2022. "Suspended Sediments Quality Assessment in a Coastal River: Identification of Potentially Toxic Elements," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-14, April.
    9. Elsiddig Eldaw & Tao Huang & Basheer Elubid & Adam Khalifa Mahamed & Yahaya Mahama, 2020. "A Novel Approach for Indexing Heavy Metals Pollution to Assess Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purposes," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-16, February.
    10. Wen Liu & Long Ma & Yaoming Li & Jilili Abuduwaili & Salamat Abdyzhapar uulu, 2020. "Heavy Metals and Related Human Health Risk Assessment for River Waters in the Issyk−Kul Basin, Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-13, May.
    11. Qian Zhang & Guilin Han & Man Liu & Xiaoqiang Li & Lingqing Wang & Bin Liang, 2019. "Distribution and Contamination Assessment of Soil Heavy Metals in the Jiulongjiang River Catchment, Southeast China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-13, November.
    12. Reza Aghlmand & Saeed Rasi Nezami & Ali Abbasi, 2021. "Evaluation of Chemical Parameters of Urban Drinking Water Quality along with Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Ardabil Province, Iran," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-11, May.

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