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Effect of Air Pollution on Menstrual Cycle Length—A Prognostic Factor of Women’s Reproductive Health

Author

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  • Anna Merklinger-Gruchala

    (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland)

  • Grazyna Jasienska

    (Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Krakow, Poland)

  • Maria Kapiszewska

    (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland)

Abstract

Air pollution can influence women’s reproductive health, specifically menstrual cycle characteristics, oocyte quality, and risk of miscarriage. The aim of the study was to assess whether air pollution can affect the length of the overall menstrual cycle and the length of its phases (follicular and luteal). Municipal ecological monitoring data was used to assess the air pollution exposure during the monitored menstrual cycle of each of 133 woman of reproductive age. Principal component analyses were used to group pollutants (PM 10 , SO 2 , CO, and NO x ) to represent a source-related mixture. PM 10 and SO 2 assessed separately negatively affected the length of the luteal phase after standardization (b = −0.02; p = 0.03; b = −0.06; p = 0.02, respectively). Representing a fossil fuel combustion emission, they were also associated with luteal phase shortening (b = −0.32; p = 0.02). These pollutants did not affect the follicular phase length and overall cycle length, neither in single- nor in multi-pollutant models. CO and NO x assessed either separately or together as a traffic emission were not associated with overall cycle length or the length of cycle phases. Luteal phase shortening, a possible manifestation of luteal phase deficiency, can result from fossil fuel combustion. This suggests that air pollution may contribute to fertility problems in women.

Suggested Citation

  • Anna Merklinger-Gruchala & Grazyna Jasienska & Maria Kapiszewska, 2017. "Effect of Air Pollution on Menstrual Cycle Length—A Prognostic Factor of Women’s Reproductive Health," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-17, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:7:p:816-:d:105347
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Eva Govarts & Sylvie Remy & Liesbeth Bruckers & Elly Den Hond & Isabelle Sioen & Vera Nelen & Willy Baeyens & Tim S Nawrot & Ilse Loots & Nick Van Larebeke & Greet Schoeters, 2016. "Combined Effects of Prenatal Exposures to Environmental Chemicals on Birth Weight," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-19, May.
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    Cited by:

    1. Xiaowei Xu & Daxin Dong & Yilun Wang & Shiying Wang, 2019. "The Impacts of Different Air Pollutants on Domestic and Inbound Tourism in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-15, December.
    2. Salvatore Raimondo & Mariacira Gentile & Giusy Esposito & Tommaso Gentile & Ida Ferrara & Claudia Crescenzo & Mariangela Palmieri & Felice Cuomo & Stefania De Filippo & Gennaro Lettieri & Marina Pisco, 2021. "Could Kallikrein-Related Serine Peptidase 3 Be an Early Biomarker of Environmental Exposure in Young Women?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(16), pages 1-15, August.

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