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Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities

Author

Listed:
  • Patricia Richter

    (Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • Obaid Faroon

    (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

  • R. Steven Pappas

    (Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA)

Abstract

Metals are one of five major categories of carcinogenic or toxic constituents in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Cadmium is highly volatile and a higher percentage of the total tobacco cadmium content is efficiently transferred to mainstream tobacco smoke than many other toxic metals in tobacco. Inhaled cadmium bioaccumulates in the lungs and is distributed beyond the lungs to other tissues, with a total body biological half-life of one to two decades. Chronic cadmium exposure through tobacco use elevates blood and urine cadmium concentrations. Cadmium is a carcinogen, and an inducer of proinflammatory immune responses. Elevated exposure to cadmium is associated with reduced pulmonary function, obstructive lung disease, bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, and various oral pathologies. Cadmium and zinc have a toxicologically inverse relationship. Zinc is an essential element and is reportedly antagonistic to some manifestations of cadmium toxicity. This review summarizes associations between blood, urine, and tissue cadmium concentrations with emphasis on cadmium exposure due to tobacco use and several disease states. Available data about zinc and cadmium/zinc ratios and tobacco-related diseases is summarized from studies reporting smoking status. Collectively, data suggest that blood, urine, and tissue cadmium and cadmium/zinc ratios are often significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers and they are also different in smokers for several diseases and cancers. Additional biomonitoring data such as blood or serum and urine zinc and cadmium levels and cadmium/zinc ratios in smokers may provide further insight into the development and progression of diseases of the lung, cardiovascular system, and possibly other organs.

Suggested Citation

  • Patricia Richter & Obaid Faroon & R. Steven Pappas, 2017. "Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-19, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:14:y:2017:i:10:p:1154-:d:113703
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Patricia A. Richter & Ellen E. Bishop & Jiantong Wang & Monica H. Swahn, 2009. "Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Levels of Urinary Metals in the U.S. Youth and Adult Population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2004," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 6(7), pages 1-17, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Nozomi Sasaki & David O. Carpenter, 2022. "Associations between Metal Exposures and Cognitive Function in American Older Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-13, February.
    2. Shannon S. Cigan & Sharon E. Murphy & Bruce H. Alexander & Daniel O. Stram & Dorothy K. Hatsukami & Loic Le Marchand & Sungshim L. Park & Irina Stepanov, 2021. "Ethnic Differences of Urinary Cadmium in Cigarette Smokers from the Multiethnic Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Hussein K. Okoro & Muyiwa M. Orosun & Faith A. Oriade & Tawakalit M. Momoh-Salami & Clement O. Ogunkunle & Adewale G. Adeniyi & Caliphs Zvinowanda & Jane C. Ngila, 2023. "Potentially Toxic Elements in Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluents: A Review on Risk Assessment, Treatment, and Management for Human Health," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-16, April.
    4. Sònia Torres & Carla Merino & Beatrix Paton & Xavier Correig & Noelia Ramírez, 2018. "Biomarkers of Exposure to Secondhand and Thirdhand Tobacco Smoke: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-25, November.
    5. Per I. Bank-Nielsen & Manhai Long & Eva C. Bonefeld-Jørgensen, 2019. "Pregnant Inuit Women’s Exposure to Metals and Association with Fetal Growth Outcomes: ACCEPT 2010–2015," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-27, April.
    6. Jamila A. Perini & Mayara C. da Silva & Lorena V. Correa & Yasmin M. Silva & Renato M. Borges & Maria de Fátima R. Moreira, 2022. "Chronic Cadmium Exposure and Genetic Polymorphisms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in a Population Exposed to Steel Slag in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-11, November.
    7. Ángel Mérida-Ortega & Lizbeth López-Carrillo & Karla Rangel-Moreno & Natalia Ramirez & Stephen J. Rothenberg, 2021. "Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Urinary Cadmium in Women from Northern Mexico," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-11, November.
    8. Kai-Fan Tsai & Pai-Chin Hsu & Chia-Te Kung & Chien-Te Lee & Huey-Ling You & Wan-Ting Huang & Shau-Hsuan Li & Fu-Jen Cheng & Chin-Chou Wang & Wen-Chin Lee, 2021. "The Risk Factors of Blood Cadmium Elevation in Chronic Kidney Disease," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-14, November.
    9. Qiaoyuan Fei & Xueqiong Weng & Kun Liu & Shan Liu & Jingmin Chen & Xinrong Guo & Chunxia Jing, 2022. "The Relationship between Metal Exposure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the General US Population: NHANES 2015–2016," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-13, February.
    10. Rattawan Somporn & Natcha Chaiwong & Mehedi Mahmudul Hasan & Sanhawat Chaiwong, 2023. "Cadmium Exposure and Renal Function Biomarkers: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Thailand’s Tak Province Population," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-18, July.

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