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Differences in Ambient Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations between Streets and Alleys in New York City: Open Space vs. Semi-Closed Space

Author

Listed:
  • Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir

    (Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 3959 Broadway, CHC 7-724, New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Rachel L. Miller

    (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY 10032, USA
    Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St. New York, NY 10032, USA
    Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 St. New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Joshua Bautista

    (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Eric N. Gil

    (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Steven N. Chillrud

    (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt., 9W Palisades, New York, NY 10964, USA)

  • Beizhan Yan

    (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt., 9W Palisades, New York, NY 10964, USA)

  • David Camann

    (Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA)

  • Frederica P. Perera

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St. New York, NY 10032, USA)

  • Kyung Hwa Jung

    (Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY 10032, USA)

Abstract

Background: Outdoor ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations are variable throughout an urban environment. However, little is known about how variation in semivolatile and nonvolatile PAHs related to the built environment (open space vs. semi-closed space) contributes to differences in concentrations. Methods: We simultaneously collected 14, two-week samples of PAHs from the outside of windows facing the front (adjacent to the street) open side of a New York City apartment building and the alley, semi-closed side of the same apartment unit between 2007 and 2012. We also analyzed samples of PAHs measured from 35 homes across Northern Manhattan and the Bronx, 17 from street facing windows with a median floor level of 4 (range 2–26) and 18 from alley-facing windows with a median floor level of 4 (range 1–15). Results: Levels of nonvolatile ambient PAHs were significantly higher when measured from a window adjacent to a street (an open space), compared to a window 30 feet away, adjacent to an alley (a semi-closed space) (street geometric mean (GM) 1.32 ng/m 3 , arithmetic mean ± standard deviation (AM ± SD) 1.61 ± 1.04 ng/m 3 ; alley GM 1.10 ng/m 3 , AM ± SD 1.37 ± 0.94 ng/m 3 ). In the neighborhood-wide comparison, nonvolatile PAHs were also significantly higher when measured adjacent to streets compared with adjacent to alley sides of apartment buildings (street GM 1.10 ng/m 3 , AM ± SD 1.46 ± 1.24 ng/m 3 ; alley GM 0.61 ng/m 3 , AM ± SD 0.81 ± 0.80 ng/m 3 ), but not semivolatile PAHs. Conclusions: Ambient PAHs, nonvolatile PAHs in particular, are significantly higher when measured from a window adjacent to a street compared to a window adjacent to an alley, despite both locations being relatively close to street traffic. This study highlights small-scale spatial variations in ambient PAH concentrations that may be related to the built environment (open space vs. semi-closed space) from which the samples are measured, as well as the relative distance from street traffic, that could impact accurate personal exposure assessments.

Suggested Citation

  • Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir & Rachel L. Miller & Joshua Bautista & Eric N. Gil & Steven N. Chillrud & Beizhan Yan & David Camann & Frederica P. Perera & Kyung Hwa Jung, 2016. "Differences in Ambient Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations between Streets and Alleys in New York City: Open Space vs. Semi-Closed Space," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:1:p:127-:d:62077
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