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Ethnic Kawasaki Disease Risk Associated with Blood Mercury and Cadmium in U.S. Children

Author

Listed:
  • Deniz Yeter

    (Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niaosong, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Michael A. Portman

    (Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA)

  • Michael Aschner

    (Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA)

  • Marcelo Farina

    (Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040, Brazil)

  • Wen-Ching Chan

    (Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niaosong, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
    Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niaosong, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan)

  • Kai-Sheng Hsieh

    (Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niaosong, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
    Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niaosong, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
    College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan)

  • Ho-Chang Kuo

    (Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niaosong, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
    Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Niaosong, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
    College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Gueishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan)

Abstract

Kawasaki disease (KD) primarily affects children <5 years of age (75%–80%) and is currently the leading cause of acquired heart disease in developed nations. Even when residing in the West, East Asian children are 10 to 20 times more likely to develop KD. We hypothesized cultural variations influencing pediatric mercury (Hg) exposure from seafood consumption may mediate ethnic KD risk among children in the United States. Hospitalization rates of KD in US children aged 0–4 years ( n = 10,880) and blood Hg levels in US children aged 1–5 years ( n = 713) were determined using separate US federal datasets. Our cohort primarily presented with blood Hg levels <0.1 micrograms (µg) per kg bodyweight (96.5%) that are considered normal and subtoxic. Increased ethnic KD risk was significantly associated with both increasing levels and detection rates of blood Hg or cadmium (Cd) in a linear dose-responsive manner between ethnic African, Asian, Caucasian, and Hispanic children in the US ( p ≤ 0.05). Increasing low-dose exposure to Hg or Cd may induce KD or contribute to its later development in susceptible children. However, our preliminary results require further replication in other ethnic populations, in addition to more in-depth examination of metal exposure and toxicokinetics.

Suggested Citation

  • Deniz Yeter & Michael A. Portman & Michael Aschner & Marcelo Farina & Wen-Ching Chan & Kai-Sheng Hsieh & Ho-Chang Kuo, 2016. "Ethnic Kawasaki Disease Risk Associated with Blood Mercury and Cadmium in U.S. Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-14, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:1:p:101-:d:61697
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Akira Awaya & Chiaki Nishimura, 2014. "A Combination of Cross Correlation and Trend Analyses Reveals that Kawasaki Disease is a Pollen-Induced Delayed-Type Hyper-Sensitivity Disease," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-14, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ling-Sai Chang & Jia-Huei Yan & Jin-Yu Li & Deniz Des Yeter & Ying-Hsien Huang & Mindy Ming-Huey Guo & Mao-Hung Lo & Ho-Chang Kuo, 2020. "Blood Mercury Levels in Children with Kawasaki Disease and Disease Outcome," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-9, May.
    2. Alesia Ferguson & Helena Solo-Gabriele, 2016. "Children’s Exposure to Environmental Contaminants: An Editorial Reflection of Articles in the IJERPH Special Issue Entitled, “Children’s Exposure to Environmental Contaminants”," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-10, November.

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