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Evaluation of Factors Influencing the Groundwater Chemistry in a Small Tropical Island of Malaysia

Author

Listed:
  • Nura Umar Kura

    (Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Mohammad Firuz Ramli

    (Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Wan Nur Azmin Sulaiman

    (Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Shaharin Ibrahim

    (Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Ahmad Zaharin Aris

    (Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Adamu Mustapha

    (Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

Groundwater chemistry of small tropical islands is influenced by many factors, such as recharge, weathering and seawater intrusion, among others, which interact with each other in a very complex way. In this work, multivariate statistical analysis was used to evaluate the factors controlling the groundwater chemistry of Kapas Island (Malaysia). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to 17 hydrochemical parameters from 108 groundwater samples obtained from 18 sampling sites. PCA extracted four PCs, namely seawater intrusion, redox reaction, anthropogenic pollution and weather factors, which collectively were responsible for more than 87% of the total variance of the island’s hydrochemistry. The cluster analysis indicated that three factors (weather, redox reaction and seawater intrusion) controlled the hydrochemistry of the area, and the variables were allocated to three groups based on similarity. A Piper diagram classified the island’s water types into Ca-HCO 3 water type, Na-HCO 3 water type, Na-SO 4 -Cl water type and Na-Cl water type, indicating recharge, mixed, weathering and leached from sewage and seawater intrusion, respectively. This work will provide policy makers and land managers with knowledge of the precise water quality problems affecting the island and can also serve as a guide for hydrochemistry assessments of other islands that share similar characteristics with the island in question.

Suggested Citation

  • Nura Umar Kura & Mohammad Firuz Ramli & Wan Nur Azmin Sulaiman & Shaharin Ibrahim & Ahmad Zaharin Aris & Adamu Mustapha, 2013. "Evaluation of Factors Influencing the Groundwater Chemistry in a Small Tropical Island of Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-21, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:10:y:2013:i:5:p:1861-1881:d:25491
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Guey-Shin Shyu & Bai-You Cheng & Chi-Ting Chiang & Pei-Hsuan Yao & Tsun-Kuo Chang, 2011. "Applying Factor Analysis Combined with Kriging and Information Entropy Theory for Mapping and Evaluating the Stability of Groundwater Quality Variation in Taiwan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 8(4), pages 1-26, April.
    2. Sarva Mangala Praveena & Mohd Harun Abdullah & Kawi Bidin & Ahmad Zaharin Aris, 2011. "Understanding of groundwater salinity using statistical modeling in a small tropical island, East Malaysia," Environment Systems and Decisions, Springer, vol. 31(3), pages 279-287, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hazimah Haspi Harun & Mohamad Roslan Mohamad Kasim & Siti Nurhidayu & Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari & Faradiella Mohd Kusin & Muhammad Khalis Abdul Karim, 2021. "Association of Physicochemical Characteristics, Aggregate Indices, Major Ions, and Trace Elements in Developing Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) in Agricultural Area," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-21, April.
    2. Basheer A. Elubid & Tao Huang & Ekhlas H. Ahmed & Jianfei Zhao & Khalid. M. Elhag & Waleed Abbass & Mohammed M. Babiker, 2019. "Geospatial Distributions of Groundwater Quality in Gedaref State Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-20, February.
    3. Soumaya Hajji & Nabila Allouche & Salem Bouri & Awad M. Aljuaid & Wafik Hachicha, 2021. "Assessment of Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers Using Multivariate Statistical Analyses and Hydrochemical Facies Evolution-Based Model," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-18, December.
    4. Nur Fatihah Mohamad Zainol & Azim Haziq Zainuddin & Ley Juen Looi & Ahmad Zaharin Aris & Noorain Mohd Isa & Anuar Sefie & Ku Mohd Kalkausar Ku Yusof, 2021. "Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Hydrochemistry through Integrated Multivariate Analysis: A Case Study in the Urbanized Langat Basin, Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-20, May.

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