Enhancing Two-Step Random Access in LEO Satellite Internet an Attack-Aware Adaptive Backoff Indicator (AA-BI)

Low-Earth-Orbit Satellite Internet (LEO SI), with its capability for seamless global coverage, is a key solution for connecting IoT devices in areas beyond terrestrial network reach, playing a vital role in building a future ubiquitous IoT system. Inspired by the IEEE 802.15.4 Improved Adaptive Backoff Algorithm (I-ABA), this paper proposes an Attack-Aware Adaptive Backoff Indicator (AA-BI) mechanism to enhance the security and robustness of the two-step random access process in LEO SI. The mechanism constructs a composite threat intensity indicator that incorporates collision probability, Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack strength, and replay attack intensity. This quantified threat level is smoothly mapped to a dynamic backoff window to achieve adaptive backoff adjustment. Simulation results demonstrate that, with 200 pieces of user equipment (UE), the AA-BI mechanism significantly improves the access success rate ( ASR ) and jamming resistance rate (JRR) under various attack scenarios compared to the I-ABA and Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) algorithms. Notably, under high-attack conditions, AA-BI improves ASR by up to 25.1% and 56.6% over I-ABA and BEB, respectively. Moreover, under high-load conditions with 800 users, AA-BI still maintains superior performance, achieving an ASR of 0.42 and a JRR of 0.68, thereby effectively ensuring the access performance and reliability of satellite Internet in malicious environments.