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A Comparative Study of Univariate Models for Baltic Dry Index Forecasting

Author

Listed:
  • Juan Huang

    (Navigation Institute, Jimei University, Ximen 361021, China)

  • Ching-Wu Chu

    (Department of Shipping and Transportation Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan)

  • Hsiu-Li Hsu

    (Department of Navigation and Shipping Transportation Management, Taipei University of Marine Technology, Taipei 11174, Taiwan)

Abstract

The Baltic Dry Index (BDI) measures the cost of transporting dry bulk commodities such as coal, iron ore, and grain. As a key indicator of global trade, supply chain dynamics, and overall economic activity, accurate short-term forecasting of the BDI is crucial. This paper compares six univariate methods to obtain a more precise short-term BDI prediction model, providing valuable insights for decision-makers. The six forecasting techniques include Grey Forecast, ARIMA, Support Vector Regression, LSTM, GRU and EMD-SVR-GWO. Model performance is evaluated using three common metrics: Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Our findings reveal that the novel EMD-SVR-GWO model outperforms the other univariate methods, demonstrating superior accuracy in forecasting monthly BDI trends. This study contributes to improved BDI prediction, aiding managers in strategic planning and decision-making.

Suggested Citation

  • Juan Huang & Ching-Wu Chu & Hsiu-Li Hsu, 2026. "A Comparative Study of Univariate Models for Baltic Dry Index Forecasting," Forecasting, MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-25, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jforec:v:8:y:2026:i:1:p:11-:d:1855502
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