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An Enhanced Rule-Based Energy Management System with Integrated Route and Environmental Information for Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Author

Listed:
  • Ntokozo Musawenkosi Khanyile

    (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0184, South Africa)

  • Mwana Wa Kalaga Mbukani

    (Department of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa)

Abstract

In this paper, a route- and environment-aware rule-based energy management system (EMS) strategy for EVs equipped with HESSs consisting of a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor is proposed. The proposed rule-based EMS integrates driving mode classification, traffic conditions, road gradient, wind resistance, ambient temperature, and the supercapacitor (SOC) to determine the optimal power-sharing strategy between the battery and the supercapacitor under various driving conditions, including city, highway, and stop-and-go traffic. A mathematical model of the EV powertrain, battery, and supercapacitor is developed. The performance of the proposed rule-based EMS strategy is validated in MATLAB/SIMULINK under three representative driving cycles: the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS), Artemis Motorway 130, and a Central Business District (CBD) driving cycle. It is shown that the proposed rule-based EMS strategy significantly reduces the battery current stress while increasing supercapacitor usage.

Suggested Citation

  • Ntokozo Musawenkosi Khanyile & Mwana Wa Kalaga Mbukani, 2026. "An Enhanced Rule-Based Energy Management System with Integrated Route and Environmental Information for Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-34, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:19:y:2026:i:16:p:3770-:d:2013130
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