Vibration Phenomena in Hydrogen Energy Systems: A Review

Hydrogen energy systems—proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), water electrolyzers, and high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels—are increasingly deployed in transportation, maritime, aerospace, and stationary applications where mechanical vibration is unavoidable. Yet vibration research remains fragmented into single-technology studies whose findings often appear inconclusive or contradictory. This review provides a cross-technology assessment of vibration phenomena in hydrogen energy systems, covering PEMFC performance and degradation, structural dynamics of stacks and storage vessels, water management and two-phase flow, diagnostics and modeling, and application-specific challenges for road, marine, aircraft, and space systems. By organizing the evidence around a small set of shared mechanisms—loss of mechanical preload (bolt loosening), two-phase flow disruption, and fatigue-driven crack growth—we establish a unified framework that reconciles the seemingly case-dependent results of earlier, single-technology reviews. Whether vibration acts as friend or foe is governed by a consistent parameter set: amplitude, frequency, direction, and cumulative exposure time. Short, low-frequency excitation can aid water removal in fuel cells, improve cold-start behavior, and raise electrolyzer hydrogen yield by up to 128%, whereas sustained exposure roughly doubles PEMFC voltage degradation rates, loosens clamping bolts, and drives fatigue in storage-vessel supports. The evidence base is currently dominated by PEMFC studies, and this review accordingly treats fuel cells in the greatest depth. Priority research needs are identified: standardized vibration test protocols, long-duration durability data, vibration characterization of electrolyzers prior to offshore deployment, and coupled multiphysics models supporting vibration-aware design.