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Analysis and Enhancement of HQT and ENTSO-E Synthetic Inertia Criteria Using the Unison U151 Wind Turbine

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  • Yong Cheol Kang

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea)

  • Kicheol Kang

    (Korea Renewable Energy Institute, Kunsan 54002, Republic of Korea)

  • Youngsun Lee

    (Korea Renewable Energy Institute, Kunsan 54002, Republic of Korea)

  • Kyu-Ho Kim

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

Synthetic inertia (SI) enables wind turbine generators (WTGs) to support frequency stability by releasing stored kinetic energy during disturbances. Existing grid-code requirements, such as those of Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie (HQT) and ENTSO-E/Nord Pool, improve the first frequency nadir but often aggravate a second frequency dip (SFD) or risk rotor over-deceleration (OD) when the boost magnitude is large. This paper proposes an enhanced SI requirement that retains the stepwise boost-and-hold structure but replaces the time-based ramp-down with a rotor-speed-dependent recovery, followed by a smooth transition back to maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The proposed scheme was validated using an electromagnetic transient model of the Unison U151 wind turbine (4.569 MW, inertia constant 9.68 s), designed for Korea’s low-wind conditions. Five case studies at wind speeds of 5 and 7 m/s with varying boost levels confirmed that all methods yield identical first nadirs for a given boost, but only the proposed approach consistently maintained a higher second nadir, stabilized rotor dynamics, and prevented repeated dips. These results demonstrate that rotor-speed-dependent SI requirements, when combined with high-inertia turbines, can enhance frequency stability while protecting turbine operation, offering practical guidance for future grid-code revisions.

Suggested Citation

  • Yong Cheol Kang & Kicheol Kang & Youngsun Lee & Kyu-Ho Kim, 2025. "Analysis and Enhancement of HQT and ENTSO-E Synthetic Inertia Criteria Using the Unison U151 Wind Turbine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-20, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:20:p:5359-:d:1769188
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Haopeng Zhang & Xiangyu Zhai & Jiahui Zhang & Xiang Bai & Zening Li, 2024. "Mechanism Analysis of the Effect of the Equivalent Proportional Coefficient of Inertia Control for a Doubly Fed Wind Generator on Frequency Stability in Extreme Environments," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-17, June.
    2. Laurence Alhrshy & Alexander Lippke & Clemens Jauch, 2023. "Variable Blade Inertia in State-of-the-Art Wind Turbine Structural-Dynamics Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-22, August.
    3. Dai Orihara & Hisao Taoka & Kenji Otani, 2024. "Influence of Wind-Turbine-Generator Power Control on the Performance of a Virtual Synchronous Machine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-18, January.
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