Effective Heat Transfer Mechanisms of Personal Comfort Systems for Thermal Comfort and Energy Savings: A Review

Personal comfort systems (PCSs), which provide targeted heating or cooling to specific body parts, have emerged as a promising solution to enhance occupant comfort while reducing energy use in buildings. Among the many factors influencing PCS performance, heat transfer mechanisms (HTMs) play a pivotal role. However, a critical gap remains in the literature regarding the identification of optimal HTMs for achieving both thermal comfort and energy efficiency in PCSs. To address this gap, our study investigates the impact of conduction, convection, and radiation in PCSs on thermal comfort enhancement and energy performance under both heating and cooling modes. A meta-analysis was conducted, extracting data from 64 previous studies to evaluate the effects of HTMs of PCSs on thermal sensation vote ( TSV ), overall comfort ( OC ) and corrective energy power ( CEP ). Results indicate that PCSs typically improve users’ thermal sensation and comfort by about one scale unit in both heating and cooling modes. Radiative HTM is the most effective individual method, while combined conductive and convective HTMs perform best overall. Most PCSs operate efficiently, consuming less than 200 W/°C, with conduction in heating and convection in cooling being recommended for optimal comfort and energy efficiency. These findings suggest that selecting optimal HTMs for PCSs is crucial for achieving maximum comfort performance and energy savings. Data on combined HTMs of PCSs remain limited, underscoring the need for further research in this area. Future research should prioritize optimizing HTMs, especially radiative and combined methods, to maximize comfort and energy savings in PCS design.