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Comparative Analysis of Energy and Emission Properties of Hazelnut Shell Biomass from Temperate and Subtropical Climates

Author

Listed:
  • Grzegorz Maj

    (Department of Power Engineering and Transportation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland)

  • Anna Borkowska

    (Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland)

  • Kamila E. Klimek

    (Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland)

  • Saban Kordali

    (Department of Plant Protection, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48300 Muğla, Turkey)

  • Ferah Yilmaz

    (Department of Plant Protection, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48300 Muğla, Turkey)

Abstract

The aim of this research was to compare the estimation of waste biomass in the form of hazelnut husk ( Corylus avellana L.) originating from two different climate zones—temperate (Poland) and subtropical (Turkey)—in terms of their energy and emission properties. This study included proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon), ultimate analysis (C, H, N, S, O), determination of the (LHV) lower heating value and (HHV) higher heating value. Pollutant emission factors (CO, CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , dust) were assessed, and stoichiometric calculations of the composition of exhaust gases were performed. The results showed statistically significant differences between samples from both climate zones. Husk from Turkey was characterised by calorific values (LHV—17.46 MJ·kg− 1 , HHV—18.76 MJ·kg −1 ) and higher carbon (43.68%) and hydrogen (7.27%) content compared to Polish husk (HHV-17.29 MJ·kg −1 , LHV-16.13 MJ·kg −1 , C-46.49%, H-7.05%). At the same time, higher CO 2 and SO 2 emission rates were observed in Turkish samples, while biomass from Poland was characterised by lower ash content and lower dust emissions. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the significant influence of climate on the energy and environmental parameters of the husk. The obtained results can be the basis for optimizing the use of waste biomass in the management of waste from horticultural or agricultural production and for sustainable development in various climatic conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Grzegorz Maj & Anna Borkowska & Kamila E. Klimek & Saban Kordali & Ferah Yilmaz, 2025. "Comparative Analysis of Energy and Emission Properties of Hazelnut Shell Biomass from Temperate and Subtropical Climates," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-12, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:19:p:5055-:d:1756248
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Selene Ollani & Cristiana Peano & Francesco Sottile, 2024. "Recent Innovations on the Reuse of Almond and Hazelnut By-Products: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-33, March.
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    3. Anna Borkowska & Kamila Klimek & Grzegorz Maj & Magdalena Kapłan, 2024. "Analysis of the Energy Potential of Hazelnut Husk Depending on the Variety," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-16, August.
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