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Numerical Study and Optimization of Combustion and Emissions of Ammonia/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engines Under Heavy Load

Author

Listed:
  • Shikai Xing

    (School of Vocational and Technical, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
    Hebei Provincial Innovation Center for Wireless Sensor Network Data Application Technology, Shijiazhuang 050024, China)

  • Xianglong Li

    (School of Vocational and Technical, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
    Hebei Provincial Innovation Center for Wireless Sensor Network Data Application Technology, Shijiazhuang 050024, China)

  • Juxia Li

    (Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Information Engineering Vocational College, Shijiazhuang 052161, China)

  • Jianbing Gao

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Qiang Lu

    (School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Street, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Xiaochen Wang

    (Key Laboratory of Shanxi Province for Development and Application of New Transportation Energy, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China)

  • Yunge Zhao

    (School of Vocational and Technical, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
    Hebei Provincial Innovation Center for Wireless Sensor Network Data Application Technology, Shijiazhuang 050024, China)

  • Sunchu Wu

    (School of Vocational and Technical, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
    Hebei Provincial Innovation Center for Wireless Sensor Network Data Application Technology, Shijiazhuang 050024, China)

  • Zhonghui Fu

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)

Abstract

Ammonia fuel is expected to emerge as an effective alternative to fossil fuels due to its zero-carbon nature, high-efficiency storage and transportation advantages, and extensive industrial manufacturing infrastructure. This study discussed the impacts of compression ratio and injection timing on combustion and emission characteristics of an ammonia/diesel dual-fuel (ADDF) engine using numerical simulation. Results indicated that the corresponding optimal indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) continuously increases with an increasing compression ratio. When the compression ratio is 15:1, the injection timing corresponding to the maximum indicated thermal efficiency is −18 °CA after top dead center (ATDC). When the compression ratio ranged from 16:1 to 19:1, the corresponding optimal ITE was achieved at a retarded injection timing of −12 °CA ATDC. At a compression ratio of 19:1, the optimal ITE reached 47.9%. The in-cylinder formation regions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) are closely correlated with NH 3 , NO, and temperature distributions, being primarily located at the interface between high-concentration regions of unburned NH 3 and NO. Under the comprehensive impact of increased compression ratio and advanced injection timing, both N 2 O and unburned NH 3 emissions show a tendency of increasing first and then decreasing, while NO x emissions demonstrated a monotonically increasing behavior.

Suggested Citation

  • Shikai Xing & Xianglong Li & Juxia Li & Jianbing Gao & Qiang Lu & Xiaochen Wang & Yunge Zhao & Sunchu Wu & Zhonghui Fu, 2025. "Numerical Study and Optimization of Combustion and Emissions of Ammonia/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engines Under Heavy Load," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(18), pages 1-23, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:18:p:4841-:d:1747397
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    References listed on IDEAS

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