Impact of PM 2.5 Pollution on Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation in Hebei Province, China

Atmospheric aerosols significantly impact solar photovoltaic (PV) energy generation through their effects on surface solar radiation. This study quantifies the impact of PM 2.5 pollution on PV power output using observational data from 10 stations across Hebei Province, China (2018–2019). Our analysis reveals that elevated PM 2.5 concentrations substantially attenuate solar irradiance, resulting in PV power losses reaching up to a 48.2% reduction in PV power output during severe pollution episodes. To capture these complex aerosol–radiation–PV interactions, we developed and compared the following six machine learning models: Support Vector Regression, Random Forest, Decision Tree, K-Nearest Neighbors, AdaBoost, and Backpropagation Neural Network. The inclusion of PM 2.5 as a predictor variable systematically enhanced model performance across all algorithms. To further optimize prediction accuracy, we implemented a stacking ensemble framework that integrates multiple base learners through meta-learning. The optimal stacking configuration achieved superior performance (MAE = 0.479 MW, indicating an average prediction error of 479 kilowatts; R 2 = 0.967, reflecting that 96.7% of the variance in power output is explained by the model), demonstrating robust predictive capability under diverse atmospheric conditions. These findings underscore the importance of aerosol–radiation interactions in PV forecasting and provide crucial insights for grid management in pollution-affected regions.