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Utility Transformer DC Bias Caused by Metro Stray Current—A Review

Author

Listed:
  • Adisu Makeyaw

    (School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China)

  • Xiaofeng Yang

    (School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China)

  • Xiangxuan Sun

    (School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China)

  • Ke Liu

    (School of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China)

  • Tianyi Wu

    (State Grid Shanghai Electric Power Research Institute, Shanghai 201199, China)

  • Lu Chen

    (State Grid Shanghai Electric Power Research Institute, Shanghai 201199, China)

Abstract

The rapid expansion of the urban rail network has increased concerns regarding stray current generated by the DC traction power supply system. This stray current, which arises from inadequate insulation between the rail and the ground, can cause electrochemical corrosion and operational challenges to nearby buried metallic infrastructures. A portion of stray current entering utility transformers may induce DC bias risk, thereby affecting the stability and reliability of distribution networks. This review studies the trends in utility transformer-related DC bias caused by metro stray current. Various modeling approaches and suppression measures are discussed, with an emphasis on comprehensively understanding stray current distribution behavior, the DC bias coupling loop, and its impacts. This review underscores the need for a thorough evaluation of existing DC bias suppression measures, and more effective and efficient measures must be developed to enhance the resilience of distribution networks. The gaps in current research are highlighted, and further studies are advocated, particularly those focusing on dynamic metro conditions, supported by advanced modeling, field applications, and interdisciplinary collaboration, to address the challenges of DC bias in urban rail environments.

Suggested Citation

  • Adisu Makeyaw & Xiaofeng Yang & Xiangxuan Sun & Ke Liu & Tianyi Wu & Lu Chen, 2025. "Utility Transformer DC Bias Caused by Metro Stray Current—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-33, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:14:p:3678-:d:1699885
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Xiaowen Wu & Ling Li & Nianguang Zhou & Ling Lu & Sheng Hu & Hao Cao & Zhiqiang He, 2018. "Diagnosis of DC Bias in Power Transformers Using Vibration Feature Extraction and a Pattern Recognition Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-20, July.
    2. Katarina Vranešić & Sahil Bhagat & Andrea Mariscotti & Robert Vail, 2023. "Measures and Prescriptions to Reduce Stray Current in the Design of New Track Corridors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-25, August.
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