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Energy Assessment of Hazelnut Shells ( Corylus avellana L.) of Selected Turkish Varieties

Author

Listed:
  • Kamila E. Klimek

    (Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland)

  • Saban Kordali

    (Department of Plant Protection, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48300, Türkiye)

  • Anna Borkowska

    (Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland)

  • Ferah Yilmaz

    (Department of Plant Protection, Fethiye Faculty of Agriculture, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla 48300, Türkiye)

  • Grzegorz Maj

    (Department of Power Engineering and Transportation, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 28, 20-612 Lublin, Poland)

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the energy and environmental potential of waste biomass in the form of hazelnut shells from selected Turkish varieties of Corylus avellana L. Eight commercial varieties (Çakıldak, Foşa, İnce Kara, Kalın Kara, Palaz, Tombul, Yassı Badem and Yuvarlak Badem) grown in different regions of the Black Sea coast of Turkey were analyzed. The scope of this study included whole nut and shell weight determination, technical and elemental analysis, higher heating value (HHV) and lower net heating value (LHV), as well as emission factors (CO, CO 2 , NO x , SO 2 , dust) and flue gas composition based on stoichiometric calculations. The results showed a significant effect of varietal characteristics on all analyzed parameters. The share of shell in the total weight of the nut ranged from 43.5% (Tombul) to 55.3% (İnce Kara). HHV values ranged from 18.37 to 19.20 MJ·kg −1 , and LHV from 17.05 to 17.90 MJ·kg −1 . The İnce Kara and Yassı Badem varieties showed the most favorable energy properties. Elemental analysis confirmed a low nitrogen and sulfur content, which translated into low NO x and SO 2 emissions. NO x emissions were lowest for the Tombul variety (1.43 kg·Mg −1 ), and SO 2 emissions were close to zero in each variety. The results confirm that Turkish hazelnut shells are a valuable energy resource and can be used as solid fuel or supplementary biomass. In particular, the İnce Kara variety was identified as the most promising due to its high shell weight, very good fuel properties, and high yield potential. This study underscores the importance of selecting the right variety to optimize agricultural waste utilization strategies within a circular economy.

Suggested Citation

  • Kamila E. Klimek & Saban Kordali & Anna Borkowska & Ferah Yilmaz & Grzegorz Maj, 2025. "Energy Assessment of Hazelnut Shells ( Corylus avellana L.) of Selected Turkish Varieties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-13, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:14:p:3612-:d:1697532
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Anna Borkowska & Grzegorz Maj & Kamila E. Klimek & Magdalena Kapłan, 2024. "The Determination of Woody Biomass Resources and Their Energy Potential from Hazelnut Tree Cultivation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-18, September.
    2. Vera Marcantonio & Enrico Bocci & Danilo Monarca, 2019. "Development of a Chemical Quasi-Equilibrium Model of Biomass Waste Gasification in a Fluidized-Bed Reactor by Using Aspen Plus," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-15, December.
    3. Ana Matin & Ivan Brandić & Neven Voća & Nikola Bilandžija & Božidar Matin & Vanja Jurišić & Alan Antonović & Tajana Krička, 2023. "Changes in the Properties of Hazelnut Shells Due to Conduction Drying," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-15, February.
    4. Alves, José Luiz Francisco & da Silva, Jean Constantino Gomes & Mumbach, Guilherme Davi & Domenico, Michele Di & da Silva Filho, Valdemar Francisco & de Sena, Rennio Felix & Machado, Ricardo Antonio F, 2020. "Insights into the bioenergy potential of jackfruit wastes considering their physicochemical properties, bioenergy indicators, combustion behaviors, and emission characteristics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 1328-1338.
    5. Kirchherr, Julian & Reike, Denise & Hekkert, Marko, 2017. "Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 221-232.
    6. Tomasz Noszczyk & Arkadiusz Dyjakon & Jacek A. Koziel, 2021. "Kinetic Parameters of Nut Shells Pyrolysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-22, January.
    7. Anna Borkowska & Kamila Klimek & Grzegorz Maj & Magdalena Kapłan, 2024. "Analysis of the Energy Potential of Hazelnut Husk Depending on the Variety," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-16, August.
    8. Yarima Torreiro & Leticia Pérez & Gonzalo Piñeiro & Francisco Pedras & Angela Rodríguez-Abalde, 2020. "The Role of Energy Valuation of Agroforestry Biomass on the Circular Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-13, May.
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