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Fast Identification of LiNMC Cells for Railway Applications

Author

Listed:
  • Luca Pugi

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy)

  • Aljon Kociu

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy)

  • Antonio Scardina

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy)

  • Lorenzo Berzi

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy)

  • Nico Tiezzi

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy)

  • Massimo Delogu

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di Santa Marta 3, 50139 Firenze, Italy)

Abstract

Batteries are a key element in the development of both battery-operated and hybrid trains. For this type of system, the most common anode choice is LTO (lithium titanate), as the adoption of lithium titanate instead of graphite for anodes ensures an unrivaled level of reliability, especially against calendar aging. LTO also ensures prolonged load-cycle lifespans. However, LTO’s known drawbacks involve its high production cost and mediocre energy density, which is mainly due to its high anodic potential compared to graphite. In this study, we perform a rapid identification of an LiNMC (lithium, nickel, manganese, and cobalt) cell and propose some preliminary scaled HIL (hardware in the loop) and SIL (software in the loop) testing, aiming to verify the possible usage of LiNMC cells for railway applications.

Suggested Citation

  • Luca Pugi & Aljon Kociu & Antonio Scardina & Lorenzo Berzi & Nico Tiezzi & Massimo Delogu, 2025. "Fast Identification of LiNMC Cells for Railway Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:13:p:3300-:d:1686082
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