IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i12p3070-d1675842.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Comprehensive Performance and Economic Analyses of Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heater Suitable for Petroleum Processes and Heating Applications

Author

Listed:
  • Dongxue Zhu

    (PetroChina Shenzhen New Energy Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518052, China)

  • Chaohe Fang

    (PetroChina Shenzhen New Energy Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518052, China)

  • Shejiao Wang

    (PetroChina Shenzhen New Energy Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518052, China)

  • Yafei Xue

    (PetroChina Shenzhen New Energy Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518052, China)

  • Liaoliang Jiang

    (School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China)

  • Yulong Song

    (School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China)

  • Feng Cao

    (School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China)

Abstract

With the intensification of the global energy crisis, the application of air-source transcritical CO 2 heat pumps has attracted increasing attention, especially in cold regions. Existing research mainly focuses on the evaluation of steady-state performance while paying less attention to the dynamic characteristics of the system during the actual operation process. In order to deeply study the dynamic performance of the air-source transcritical CO 2 heat pump system under the winter climate conditions in the Yan‘an area, this study established a system simulation model with multiple parameter inputs and systematically analyzed the influences of ambient temperature, discharge pressure, and inlet and outlet water temperatures on the heating capacity and COP. The research starts from both dynamic and steady-state perspectives, revealing the variation law of system performance with environmental temperature and conducting a quantitative analysis. As the ambient temperature rose from −11 °C to 2 °C, the COP of the system increased by approximately 15% and exhibited significant dynamic response characteristics, indicating that the increase in ambient temperature significantly improved system efficiency. At different ambient temperatures, the optimal discharge pressure increased with the rise in temperature. At the highest ambient temperature (2 °C), the optimal discharge pressure was 11.7 MPa. Compared with the optimal discharge pressure of 11.0 MPa at −11 °C, the performance improved by nearly 13.3%. Through the dynamic simulation method, theoretical support is provided for the optimization of energy-saving control strategies in cold regions, and thoughts are offered regarding the application of transcritical CO 2 systems under similar climatic conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Dongxue Zhu & Chaohe Fang & Shejiao Wang & Yafei Xue & Liaoliang Jiang & Yulong Song & Feng Cao, 2025. "Comprehensive Performance and Economic Analyses of Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump Water Heater Suitable for Petroleum Processes and Heating Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:12:p:3070-:d:1675842
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3070/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3070/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Qin, Xiang & Wang, Dingbiao & Jin, Zunlong & Wang, Junlei & Zhang, Guojie & Li, Hang, 2021. "A comprehensive investigation on the effect of internal heat exchanger based on a novel evaluation method in the transcritical CO2 heat pump system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 574-586.
    2. Guo, Yanhua & Wang, Ningbo & Shao, Shuangquan & Huang, Congqi & Zhang, Zhentao & Li, Xiaoqiong & Wang, Youdong, 2024. "A review on hybrid physics and data-driven modeling methods applied in air source heat pump systems for energy efficiency improvement," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Guo, Siyi & Wei, Ziqing & Yin, Yaling & Zhai, Xiaoqiang, 2025. "A physics-guided RNN-KAN for multi-step prediction of heat pump operation states," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    2. Xiong, Chengyan & Luo, Huilong & Ren, Ke & Wang, Xinyu & Liu, Jiyuan & Chen, Zidan & Sun, Biyang & Wu, Changlang & Yang, Xiaochuan & Du, Peijian, 2025. "An efficient CO2 air-to-water heat pump central space heating system in cold regions: A case study," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C).
    3. Hongzeng Ji & Jinchen Pei & Jingyang Cai & Chen Ding & Fen Guo & Yichun Wang, 2023. "Review of Recent Advances in Transcritical CO 2 Heat Pump and Refrigeration Cycles and Their Development in the Vehicle Field," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-21, May.
    4. Aleksei Khimenko & Dmitry Tikhomirov & Stanislav Trunov & Aleksey Kuzmichev & Vadim Bolshev & Olga Shepovalova, 2022. "Electric Heating System with Thermal Storage Units and Ceiling Fans for Cattle-Breeding Farms," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-13, October.
    5. Qin, Xiang & Shen, Aoqi & Duan, Hongxin & Wang, Guanghui & Chen, Jiaheng & Tang, Songzhen & Wang, Dingbiao, 2024. "Experimental verification of the novel transcritical CO2 heat pump system and model evaluation method," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 222(C).
    6. Liang, Xinbin & Liu, Ying & Chen, Siliang & Li, Xilin & Jin, Xinqiao & Du, Zhimin, 2025. "Physics-informed neural network for chiller plant optimal control with structure-type and trend-type prior knowledge," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 390(C).
    7. Yutong Wu & Bin Xin & Hongyu Zhu & Zifei Ye, 2022. "Energy-Saving Operation Strategy for Hotels Considering the Impact of COVID-19 in the Context of Carbon Neutrality," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-15, November.
    8. Jia, Fan & Yin, Xiang & He, Shentong & Cao, Zhijian & Fang, Jianmin & Cao, Feng & Wang, Xiaolin, 2025. "Steady-state and dynamic experimental study of an enhanced automotive thermal management system based on energy cascade utilization," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 316(C).
    9. Ivan Ignatkin & Sergey Kazantsev & Nikolay Shevkun & Dmitry Skorokhodov & Nikita Serov & Aleksei Alipichev & Vladimir Panchenko, 2023. "Developing and Testing the Air Cooling System of a Combined Climate Control Unit Used in Pig Farming," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-20, January.
    10. Mohammad Mahmoudi Majdabadi & Seama Koohi-Fayegh, 2025. "A Semi-Analytical Dynamic Model for Ground Source Heat Pump Systems: Addressing Medium- to Long-Term Performance Under Ground Temperature Variations," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(12), pages 1-31, June.
    11. Hou, Yaxiang & Wu, Weidong & Li, Zhenbo & Yu, Xinyi & Zeng, Tao, 2023. "Effect of drying air supply temperature and internal heat exchanger on performance of a novel closed-loop transcritical CO2 air source heat pump drying system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P2).
    12. Wang, Ningbo & Wei, Zuyuan & Tian, Bo & Wang, Fei & Shao, Shuangquan, 2025. "Integrated cooling system with multiple operating modes for temperature control of energy storage containers: Experimental insights into energy saving potential," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).
    13. Yulong Song & Hongsheng Xie & Mengying Yang & Xiangyu Wei & Feng Cao & Xiang Yin, 2023. "A Comprehensive Assessment of the Refrigerant Charging Amount on the Global Performance of a Transcritical CO 2 -Based Bus Air Conditioning and Heat Pump System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-21, March.
    14. Wang, Haidan & Song, Yulong & Qiao, Yiyou & Li, Shengbo & Cao, Feng, 2022. "Rational assessment and selection of air source heat pump system operating with CO2 and R407C for electric bus," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 86-101.
    15. Zhao, Pan & Xu, Wenpan & Liu, Aijie & Wu, Wenze & Wang, Jiangfeng & Yan, Zhequan, 2022. "Performance evaluation of a renewable driven standalone combined power and water supply system with cascade electricity and heat storage," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C), pages 1283-1299.
    16. Zhihua Wang & Yujia Zhang & Fenghao Wang & Guichen Li & Kaiwen Xu, 2021. "Performance Optimization and Economic Evaluation of CO 2 Heat Pump Heating System Coupled with Thermal Energy Storage," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-22, December.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:12:p:3070-:d:1675842. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.