Nickel Selenide Electrodes with Tuned Deposition Cycles for High-Efficiency Asymmetric Supercapacitors

This study aims to develop high-performance nickel selenide (NiSe) electrodes via a controlled electrodeposition approach, optimizing the number of deposition cycles to enhance electrochemical energy storage capabilities. Nickel selenide electrodes were synthesized at varying electrodeposition cycles (2CY–5CY) and systematically evaluated in both three-electrode and asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) configurations to determine the optimal cycle for superior performance. Among all, the NiSe-3CY electrode demonstrated the best electrochemical characteristics, delivering a high specific capacitance of 507.42 F/g in a three-electrode setup. It also achieved an energy density of 22.89 Wh/kg and a power density of 584.61 W/kg, outperforming its 2CY, 4CY, and 5CY counterparts. Notably, the 3CY electrode exhibited the lowest series resistance (1.59 Ω), indicative of enhanced charge transport and minimal internal resistance. When integrated into an ASC device (NiSe-3CY//activated carbon), it maintained a specific capacitance of 18.78 F/g, with an energy density of 8.45 Wh/kg and power density of 385.03 W/kg. Furthermore, the device exhibited impressive areal and volumetric capacitances of 351 mF/cm 2 and 1.09 F/cm 3 , respectively, with a corresponding volumetric energy density of 0.49 mWh/cm 3 . Long-term cycling tests revealed excellent durability, retaining 91% of its initial capacity after 10k cycles with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99%. These results confirm that the 3CY electrode is a highly promising candidate for next-generation energy storage systems, offering a balanced combination of high capacitance, energy density, and cycling stability.