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High-Energy Transformations of Fossil Fuels in the Cement Industry

Author

Listed:
  • Mirosław Szwed

    (Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland)

  • Witold Żukowski

    (Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland)

  • Krzysztof Misztal

    (Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Stanisława Łojasiewicza 6, 30-348 Kraków, Poland)

  • Rafał Kozłowski

    (Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, The Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland)

Abstract

The energy stored in fossil fuels is released through combustion and is a fundamental process in the production of cement. The negative aspect of this combustion is the emission of greenhouse gases and dust. This paper presents the results of a study conducted within a cement plant in Ożarów (south-eastern Poland). The chemical properties (selected elements) in the needles of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) were determined. The needle surface was scanned using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and was characterised in terms of chemical composition through energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The concentrations of selected analytes in the biennial needles formed the following descending sequence: Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni. SEM/EDS microphotographs showed the presence of particles of varying shape, size and chemical composition indicative of anthropogenic origin.

Suggested Citation

  • Mirosław Szwed & Witold Żukowski & Krzysztof Misztal & Rafał Kozłowski, 2023. "High-Energy Transformations of Fossil Fuels in the Cement Industry," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-14, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:9:p:3634-:d:1130895
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