Optimising Highway Energy Harvesting: A Numerical Simulation Study on Factors Influencing the Performance of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines

Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are an innovative solution for energy harvesting, as they harness the power of the wind by enabling rotational motion around a vertical shaft situated on the ground. This paper deals with the design optimisation of VAWT systems for highway energy harvesting. The four design parameters, blade number, blade curvature angle, blade thickness and blade diameter ratio, have been investigated to find their respective optimalities for the enhanced energy efficiency of VAWT systems. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted in Ansys Fluent using a Banki turbine model created in Solidworks ® , with a constant velocity inlet of 4 m/s and rotational speeds ranging from 0.5 to 3 rad/s. The simulations consider the placement of the turbine in the central reservation of a highway with a windshield for enhanced performance. From the results, it was observed that increasing blade thickness and blade number improve turbine performance, with maximum power coefficients achieved at specific tip speed ratios (TSRs). The optimal blade diameter ratio has been found to be approximately 0.75 for TSR values between 0.1 and 0.5, whilst a ratio of 0.83 gave the best performance at higher TSR values. Also, a blade curvature angle of 60 degrees has been found optimal for slow rotations, while 100 degrees yielded the highest power coefficient for faster rotations. The study could also highlight the significance of blade curvature angle variation, resulting in a notable 14% performance increase compared to the baseline. The geometric changes proposed in the study allow for greater power extraction from the same turbine footprint, leading to increased energy efficiency in VAWT systems.