IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i14p5349-d1193049.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An Overview on Reversible Sea Return Electrodes for HVDC Links

Author

Listed:
  • Massimo Brignone

    (Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture, DITEN, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy)

  • Massimo Marzinotto

    (TERNA S.p.A., 00185 Roma, Italy)

  • Daniele Mestriner

    (Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture, DITEN, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy)

  • Mario Nervi

    (Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture, DITEN, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy)

  • Paolo Molfino

    (Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture, DITEN, University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy)

Abstract

HVDC electrodes are usually implemented in HVDC links to avoid the installation of a metallic return. Submarine cables, especially those dealing with lengths of thousands of kilometers, are expensive, and high costs of laying are normally expected. Due to the high number of reversible HVDC links, the marine electrodes must be able to withstand both anodic and cathodic operations, which leads to careful considerations in terms of the material to be used. This paper shows the state of the art of the currently installed reversible sea return electrodes, focusing on the type of installation (sea, shore or pond electrodes) and on the material used, from the first plant installed in 1954 up to the more recent ones established during the XXI century. All reported data derive from publicly available sources. Moreover, since nowadays environmental issues are among the most important topics, for each material and for each type of installation, a guideline on the possible interferences caused by marine electrodes with the surrounding environment is proposed.

Suggested Citation

  • Massimo Brignone & Massimo Marzinotto & Daniele Mestriner & Mario Nervi & Paolo Molfino, 2023. "An Overview on Reversible Sea Return Electrodes for HVDC Links," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-14, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:14:p:5349-:d:1193049
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/14/5349/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/14/5349/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:14:p:5349-:d:1193049. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.