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Examining the Relationship between Energy Consumption and Unfavorable CO 2 Emissions on Sustainable Development by Going through Various Violated Factors and Stochastic Disturbance–Based on a Three-Stage SBM-DEA Model

Author

Listed:
  • Wengchin Fong

    (School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China)

  • Yao Sun

    (School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China)

  • Yujie Chen

    (Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau 999078, China)

Abstract

The article applies a three-stage Slacks-Based Measure-Data Envelopment Analysis (SBM-DEA) pattern to examine the relationship between energy consumption and unfavorable CO 2 emissions on green sustainable development, for the 11 cities of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) during 2010–2016, by going through various violated factors and stochastic disturbance. Labor, capital and energy resource are chosen as input variables, while GDP and CO 2 emission as output variables. During the three phases consisting of the SBM-DEA model (first stage and third stage) and SFA analysis (second stage), CO 2 emission is considered as an unfavorable outcome, while stochastic statistical disturbances and external environmental influences are identified. The results show that the average efficiency of the GBA cities is 0.708, with only Shenzhen, Macao SAR and Hong Kong SAR having an efficiency of 1 during the whole study period. Based on the findings, suggestions are made for the GBA cities’ sustainable development aspects.

Suggested Citation

  • Wengchin Fong & Yao Sun & Yujie Chen, 2022. "Examining the Relationship between Energy Consumption and Unfavorable CO 2 Emissions on Sustainable Development by Going through Various Violated Factors and Stochastic Disturbance–Based on a Three-St," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-22, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:2:p:569-:d:724230
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    Cited by:

    1. Hlalefang Khobai & Katlego Sithole, 2022. "The Relationship between Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions in South Africa," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(2), pages 516-525, March.

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