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Energy-Effective Cooperative and Reliable Delivery Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Author

Listed:
  • Ubaid Ullah

    (Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan)

  • Anwar Khan

    (Department of Electronics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar KPK 25120, Pakistan)

  • Mahdi Zareei

    (Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Monterrey 64849, Mexico)

  • Ihsan Ali

    (Department of Computer System and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kualalumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Hasan Ali Khattak

    (Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad 44500, Pakistan)

  • Ikram Ud Din

    (Department of Information Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan)

Abstract

Underwater deployed sensors nodes are energy-constrained. Therefore, energy efficiency becomes crucial in underwater wireless sensor networks (U-WSNs). The adverse channel corrupts the packets and challenges their reliability. To handle these challenges, two routing schemes are introduced in this paper. They are effective energy and reliable delivery (EERD) and cooperative effective energy and reliable delivery (CoEERD). In EERD, the packets follow single-path routing and the best forwarder node is selected using a weight function such that packets are transferred via the reliable paths with low energy usage. Packet transfer via a single route in EERD has, however, compromised reliability as the undersea links bear harshness and unpredictability. Therefore, the CoEERD scheme adds cooperative routing to EERD, in which a relay node is introduced between a source–destination pair. The destination requests the relay when the packets it gets from the source are corrupted beyond a threshold value. Selection of weight function is unique and considers many factors to ensure low energy usage with reliability while considering nodes for data transfer. This also helps in selecting a single relay node rather than many relays in the conventional cooperative routing model. Based on simulation results, the EERD and CoEERD protocols have improved performance in energy usage, reliable packet transfer and delay.

Suggested Citation

  • Ubaid Ullah & Anwar Khan & Mahdi Zareei & Ihsan Ali & Hasan Ali Khattak & Ikram Ud Din, 2019. "Energy-Effective Cooperative and Reliable Delivery Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-22, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:13:p:2630-:d:246718
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Junaid Qadir & Anwar Khan & Mahdi Zareei & Cesar Vargas-Rosales, 2019. "Energy Balanced Localization-Free Cooperative Noise-Aware Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-24, November.
    2. Tanzila Saba & Khalid Haseeb & Ikram Ud Din & Ahmad Almogren & Ayman Altameem & Suliman Mohamed Fati, 2020. "EGCIR: Energy-Aware Graph Clustering and Intelligent Routing Using Supervised System in Wireless Sensor Networks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-15, August.
    3. Vignon Fidele Adanvo & Samuel Mafra & Samuel Montejo-Sánchez & Evelio M. García Fernández & Richard Demo Souza, 2022. "Buffer-Aided Relaying Strategies for Two-Way Wireless Networks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-29, October.

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