Resource Recovery from Stainless Steel Pickling Sludge: A Multi-Impact Life Cycle Assessment

The stainless steelmaking process generates substantial volumes of metal hydroxide sludge during neutralization after pickling. The sludge contains valuable materials, including fluorspar (CaF 2 ) and alloy-containing compounds. So far, life cycle assessment (LCA) of resource recovery and reuse pathways for pickling sludge remains absent in the literature. This study conducted a comprehensive LCA of a real-world Swedish case study in which the sludge is thermally processed into a usable product (Hydrofluss) and utilized in the argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) process in stainless steelmaking. Using the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) 3.1 method and ecoinvent v3.11 in SimaPro v10.3.01, the results showed that using 1 ton of Hydrofluss can reduce the total life-cycle climate change impact by 91.6 kg CO 2 eq, corresponding to a 6% reduction compared with a reference scenario relying on natural fluorspar and primary ferroalloys. The sensitivity analysis indicated that replacing fossil heating oils with renewable HVO100 in the Hydrofluss recovery process could substantially enhance the climate benefit of the studied system, resulting in a six-fold (540.3 kg) CO 2 eq emission reduction. Beyond climate change, this study highlights the need for multi-impact LCAs to provide a more holistic understanding of the environmental implications of resource recovery and utilization systems. In a broader context, the findings can contribute to the development of more sustainable and circular resource flows and associated business models for stainless steelmaking.