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Representative Hydrogen Sampling at Hydrogen Refuelling Stations: Interplay of Sampling Strategy and Station Parameters

Author

Listed:
  • Matz Dietrich

    (The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Center (ZBT GmbH), Carl-Benz-Strasse 201, 47057 Duisburg, Germany)

  • Thomas Bacquart

    (National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middlesex, UK)

  • Abigail Morris

    (National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middlesex, UK)

  • Shirin Khaki

    (National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middlesex, UK)

  • Etienne Basset

    (ENGIE, Research Center ENGIE LAB CRIGEN, 4 Rue Joséphine Baker, 93240 Stains, France
    ENGIE, Research Center ENGIE LAB CRIGEN, 5 Quai Louis Aulagne, 69190 St-Fons, France)

  • Mathilde Rizand

    (ENGIE, Research Center ENGIE LAB CRIGEN, 4 Rue Joséphine Baker, 93240 Stains, France
    ENGIE, Research Center ENGIE LAB CRIGEN, 5 Quai Louis Aulagne, 69190 St-Fons, France)

  • Martine Carré

    (Paris-Saclay Research Center, Air Liquide, BP 126, 78353 Jouy en Josas, France)

  • Claire Blondeel

    (Paris-Saclay Research Center, Air Liquide, BP 126, 78353 Jouy en Josas, France)

  • Nathalie Chramosta

    (Air Liquide CEMIAG, BP 126, 78353 Jouy en Josas, France)

  • Alexander Kvasnicka

    (The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Center (ZBT GmbH), Carl-Benz-Strasse 201, 47057 Duisburg, Germany)

  • Pierpaolo Modugno

    (National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middlesex, UK)

  • Ziyin Chen

    (National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middlesex, UK)

  • Christian Spitta

    (The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Center (ZBT GmbH), Carl-Benz-Strasse 201, 47057 Duisburg, Germany)

  • Harry Hoster

    (The Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Center (ZBT GmbH), Carl-Benz-Strasse 201, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
    Institute of Energy Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Lotharstr. 1, 47058 Duisburg, Germany)

Abstract

Taking spot samples at hydrogen refuelling stations (HRSs) and performing offline analysis in laboratories is currently the only way to achieve hydrogen fuel compliance at HRS (meet the ISO 14687:2025 standard or EN 17124:2022 in Europe). Currently, different sampling strategies are defined in ISO 19880-9:2024 (Annex A–C) and implemented in different parts of the world (EU, Japan, USA). The differences in conducting the sampling potentially influence the hydrogen samples; therefore, there is a need to compare the different sampling strategies. Comparative sampling studies are required to evaluate the equivalence of sampling methodologies and support the standardisation of hydrogen fuel sampling. This study provides a systematic comparison of five European sampling systems with different sampling strategies under real and defined HRS operation conditions. The results show that the issue of representative sampling is more complex than initially assumed and that there is an interdependence of sampling device and HRS configuration, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Matz Dietrich & Thomas Bacquart & Abigail Morris & Shirin Khaki & Etienne Basset & Mathilde Rizand & Martine Carré & Claire Blondeel & Nathalie Chramosta & Alexander Kvasnicka & Pierpaolo Modugno & Zi, 2026. "Representative Hydrogen Sampling at Hydrogen Refuelling Stations: Interplay of Sampling Strategy and Station Parameters," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-18, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jcltec:v:8:y:2026:i:3:p:91-:d:1963960
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