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Life Cycle Optimization of Circular Industrial Processes: Advances in By-Product Recovery for Renewable Energy Applications

Author

Listed:
  • Kyriaki Kiskira

    (Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, Campus 2 Thivon 250, 12241 Aigaleo, Greece)

  • Sofia Plakantonaki

    (Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, Campus 2 Thivon 250, 12241 Aigaleo, Greece)

  • Nikitas Gerolimos

    (Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, Campus 2 Thivon 250, 12241 Aigaleo, Greece)

  • Konstantinos Kalkanis

    (Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, Campus 2 Thivon 250, 12241 Aigaleo, Greece)

  • Emmanouela Sfyroera

    (Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, Campus 2 Thivon 250, 12241 Aigaleo, Greece)

  • Fernando Coelho

    (European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via Enrico Fermi, 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy)

  • Georgios Priniotakis

    (Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, School of Engineering, University of West Attica, Campus 2 Thivon 250, 12241 Aigaleo, Greece)

Abstract

The global shift toward renewable energy and circular economy models requires industrial systems that minimize waste and recover value across entire life cycles. This review synthesizes recent advances in by-product recovery technologies supporting renewable energy and circular industrial processes. Thermal, biological, chemical/electrochemical, and biotechnological routes are analyzed across battery and e-waste recycling, bioenergy, wastewater, and agri-food sectors, with emphasis on integration through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), techno-economic analysis (TEA), and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) coupled to process simulation, digital twins, and artificial intelligence tools. Policy and economic frameworks, including the European Green Deal and the Critical Raw Materials Act, are examined in relation to technology readiness and environmental performance. Hybrid recovery systems, such as pyro-hydro-bio configurations, enable higher resource efficiency and reduced environmental impact compared with stand-alone routes. Across all technologies, major hotspots include electricity demand, reagent use, gas handling, and concentrate management, while process integration, heat recovery, and realistic substitution credits significantly improve life cycle outcomes. Harmonized LCA-TEA-MCDA frameworks and digitalized optimization emerge as essential tools for scaling sustainable, resource-efficient, and low-impact industrial ecosystems consistent with circular economy and renewable energy objectives.

Suggested Citation

  • Kyriaki Kiskira & Sofia Plakantonaki & Nikitas Gerolimos & Konstantinos Kalkanis & Emmanouela Sfyroera & Fernando Coelho & Georgios Priniotakis, 2026. "Life Cycle Optimization of Circular Industrial Processes: Advances in By-Product Recovery for Renewable Energy Applications," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 8(1), pages 1-34, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jcltec:v:8:y:2026:i:1:p:5-:d:1833183
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