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How Labor Force Participation Has Diverged Across Genders

Author

Listed:
  • Greeshma Avaradi
  • Andreas Hornstein
  • Taerin Kim
  • Marianna Kudlyak

Abstract

U.S. labor force participation rose for decades until the mid-1990s but has fallen steadily since then. This general pattern masks different paths for men and women in the workforce. Aging and rising education explain much of the long-run changes but do not account for the divergence by gender. Men’s trend participation has fallen steadily since the late 1970s, while women’s participation rose through 2000 before flattening. The difference mainly reflects younger male cohorts participating less than earlier ones, whereas younger female cohorts—especially those with more education—have higher participation.

Suggested Citation

  • Greeshma Avaradi & Andreas Hornstein & Taerin Kim & Marianna Kudlyak, 2026. "How Labor Force Participation Has Diverged Across Genders," FRBSF Economic Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, vol. 2026(15), pages 1-6, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:fip:fedfel:103347
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Andreas Hornstein & Marianna Kudlyak, 2026. "Trends in Labor Force Participation and Unemployment, 1976-2024," Working Paper 26-10, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
    2. Hornstein, Andreas & Kudlyak, Marianna, 2026. "Trends in Labor Force Participation and Unemployment, 1976-2024," IZA Discussion Papers 18707, IZA Network @ LISER.
    3. Hornstein, Andreas & Kudlyak, Marianna, 2026. "Trends in Labor Force Participation and Unemployment, 1976-2024," CEPR Discussion Papers 21582, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
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