Fixed capital reproduction as a factor of sustainable development: Approaches, challenges and perspectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the reproduction of fixed capital as a factor of sustainable development, as well as to analyse the approaches, challenges and prospects in this area, focusing on the example of the United States, China, Spain, Italy, India, Syria, Libya, Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil, Germany, South Korea, Singapore, Denmark, Norway, Sweden. The study uses a combined approach that includes regression and comparative analysis, as well as systematic analysis to study the relationships between fixed capital reproduction and sustainable development, in particular economic, social, and environmental aspects. The study found that fixed investment fluctuated, with USD 33 trillion in 2018, increasing to USD 34 trillion in 2019, but declining to USD 30 trillion in 2020 due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, there was a partial recovery to USD 32 trillion, indicating the ability of economies to adapt to new conditions. Key findings show that the level of fixed investment is directly correlated with gross domestic product growth and job creation. For example, in Brazil, infrastructure investment created 1.5 million jobs in two years, while in India, the level of fixed investment reached 30% of gross domestic product, contributing 6% to economic growth. The study also developed recommendations for the reproduction of fixed capital in Kyrgyzstan. The conclusion emphasises the need for an integrated approach to investment strategies that takes into account economic, social and environmental factors to achieve sustainable development.