Ethnobotanical and Socio-Economic Significance of Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) in Mithila Region of North Bihar: A Structured Analysis

Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.), popularly known as fox nut or gorgon nut, is a significant aquatic cash crop cultivated predominantly in the Mithila region of North Bihar, especially in Madhubani and Darbhanga districts. Bihar accounts for nearly 85% of India’s total makhana production, establishing it as the principal center of cultivation and trade. The crop thrives in stagnant water bodies such as ponds, wetlands, and floodplains, which are abundant in this region. This study explores the ethnobotanical significance, cultivation practices, and socio-economic contributions of makhana within the local agrarian system. Makhana cultivation is deeply rooted in the traditional knowledge systems of the Mallah (fishermen) community, who have preserved and transmitted indigenous techniques across generations. The crop holds multifaceted importance, serving as a nutritious food source, a medicinal resource in traditional healing systems, and a culturally significant element in religious rituals and social practices. Its nutritional profile—rich in protein, low in fat, and high in carbohydrates—makes it a valuable dietary component, while its bioactive compounds contribute to various therapeutic properties. Economically, makhana cultivation provides substantial livelihood opportunities for rural populations, particularly marginal farmers and laborers, due to its labor-intensive nature. It contributes to income generation, employment, and rural economic stability. However, despite its profitability and organic cultivation methods, the sector faces several challenges, including declining cultivation area, lack of mechanization, inadequate market infrastructure, and limited access to modern scientific practices. The study emphasizes the urgent need for technological intervention, institutional support, and policy-driven initiatives to enhance productivity, ensure sustainability, and strengthen market linkages. Integrating traditional knowledge with modern agricultural advancements can play a crucial role in revitalizing makhana cultivation and promoting sustainable rural development in North Bihar.