Ectopia Cordis: An Updated Review of a Rare and Complex Congenital Cardiac Anomaly

Ectopia cordis is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the abnormal location of the heart outside the thoracic cavity, resulting from defective development of the anterior chest wall. The anomaly originates early in embryogenesis, typically between the third and fourth weeks of gestation, and is frequently associated with a spectrum of intracardiac and extracardiac abnormalities. Although advances in prenatal imaging particularly ultrasonography and fetal echocardiography have enabled earlier detection, the condition continues to be associated with high morbidity and mortality. The clinical course largely depends on the extent of cardiac displacement and the presence of associated defects. This review aims to provide a cohesive and critical overview of ectopia cordis, focusing on embryological mechanisms, classification, associated anomalies, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies, while also addressing ongoing challenges in clinical care.