Investigation of the Morphological and Anatomical (Xeromorphic) Adaptive Features of Jatropha curcas

Jatropha curcas is a drought-tolerant perennial shrub belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for biodiesel production, erosion control, and medicinal applications. Although the species is known for its adaptability to arid and semi-arid environments, limited localized anatomical evidence exists to confirm its xeromorphic adaptations under the Sudan-Sahel conditions of Maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria. This study investigated the morphological and anatomical adaptive features of Jatropha curcas growing within the University of Maiduguri campus. Fresh leaf, stem, and root samples were collected and processed using standard histological techniques involving fixation in Formalin-Acetic acid-Alcohol (FAA), dehydration through graded alcohol series, paraffin embedding, microtome sectioning (10–15 μm), staining with safranin and fast green, and microscopic examination. Epidermal peels were also prepared to evaluate stomatal characteristics. The results revealed several xeromorphic adaptations. Morphological features included a deep taproot system, thick bark, leathery lobed leaves with waxy surfaces, and seasonal leaf shedding, all contributing to water conservation. Anatomically, the leaves exhibited thick cuticles, elongated epidermal cells, compact mesophyll tissues, and sunken stomata. Stem sections showed well-developed vascular tissues and a large pith region, while root sections displayed lignified tissues, thickened cell walls, and extensive xylem development. These structural characteristics confirm the xeromorphic adaptability of Jatropha curcas to semi-arid environments and support its potential for sustainable biofuel production and environmental management in northern Nigeria.