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Craniofacial and Ocular Anomalies in Paediatric Pituitary Dwarfism: A Systematic Review

Author

Listed:
  • Nikos Georgousis

    (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece)

  • Anastasia Mistea

    (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece)

  • Athanasia Grigoroudi

    (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece)

  • Evangelia Piperi

    (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece)

  • Charis Liapi

    (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece)

Abstract

This systematic review synthesizes contemporary research on the confluence of craniofacial and ocular anomalies in paediatric pituitary dwarfism, incorporating a robust qualitative risk-of-bias assessment. Following PRISMA 2021 guidelines, eligible articles (2021–2025) were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and other major databases. The ROBINS-I tool identified moderate to serious methodological challenges, chiefly around confounding and inconsistent outcome reporting, underscoring the complexity of synthesizing data across diverse study designs. Despite heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria and sample populations, a meta-analytic subset revealed a significant correlation between pituitary hormone deficiency and craniofacial dysmorphologies, alongside concomitant ocular pathologies. Early, multidisciplinary intervention—encompassing genetic counselling, endocrinologic management, and craniofacial assessment— emerged as critical for optimizing patient outcomes. Future research employing standardized protocols and larger cohorts will be pivotal in refining diagnostic precision and therapeutic strategies, ultimately enhancing quality of life for this unique paediatric population.

Suggested Citation

  • Nikos Georgousis & Anastasia Mistea & Athanasia Grigoroudi & Evangelia Piperi & Charis Liapi, 2026. "Craniofacial and Ocular Anomalies in Paediatric Pituitary Dwarfism: A Systematic Review," European Journal of Dental and Oral Health, European Open Science, vol. 7(2), pages 6-12, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:epw:ejdent:v:7:y:2026:i:2:id:13382
    DOI: 10.24018/ejdent.2026.7.2.13382
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