A Conceptual System Dynamics Model of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Adoption in Indonesia

The transition to a sustainable transportation system requires a comprehensive understanding of technology, policy, and market behaviour dynamics. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) has emerged as one of the new potential solutions with its characteristics of low emissions, high efficiency, and short refuelling time. However, FCEV adoption in the world, moreover in Indonesia, is still very limited due to structural challenges such as high costs, lack of hydrogen infrastructure, and low public awareness. This study explores the system structure that influences FCEV adoption in Indonesia using the System Dynamics approach. This study focuses on developing system diagrams and causal loop diagrams (CLD) as conceptual representations of complex systems. The modelling process is carried out through actor analysis, identification of key variables, and compilation of cause-and-effect relationships that form feedback loops. The modelling results show a significant influence of fiscal policy, infrastructure readiness, and consumer perceptions on the dynamics of FCEV adoption. This model provides a strong conceptual foundation to support the formulation of system-based policies in accelerating FCEV penetration in Indonesia, as well as being the initial stage for the development of dynamic models based on policy scenarios.