An examination of Australian gold mining firms’ exposure over the collapse of gold price in the late 1990s

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the exposures of Australian gold mining firms in the highly volatile period from 1995 to 2000. This period has been characterized by significant changes in gold price due to bulk sale of gold by collective central banks. Specifically, the paper aims to investigate several firm‐specific factors that are hypothesized to carry substantial influence on gold beta. Design/methodology/approach - To estimate gold beta, we use the following multifactor model:Rg,t= α + βgGPRt+ βxFXRt+ βmRm,t+ εt, whereRg,tis the return on the gold stock Index at timet, GPRtis the gold price return denominated in US dollar at timet, FXRtis the foreign exchange return of Australian dollar in terms of US dollar at timet,Rm,tis the market return at timet, and εtis the random error term at timet. Findings - The paper finds that the values of gold beta are consistently greater than one, implying the sensitive nature of firms’ stock returns to gold price changes. This also suggests that investors holding gold mining stock would receive higher percentage increases in stock returns from a percentage increase in gold price returns, as opposed to investors holding gold bullion. Furthermore, these values have changed substantially over time with significant changes in gold price volatility. The most important and consistent relationship that we find is the impact of firms’ hedging behavior on their respective gold betas. This is consistent with Tufano's study. It implies that firms, which hedge a greater proportion of their gold reserves, are less sensitive to movements in gold prices. The finding therefore supports the risk management theory that hedging increases shareholder's wealth. However, cash operating costs, cash reserves and the level of gold production seem to influence very little on the firms’ exposure to gold price changes. Originality/value - This study is of interest and important to the stock mining companies and investors because the extent of the effect of gold price movements on the stock returns of gold mining companies has significant impacts on returns for both firms and investors especially in their risk management and investment decisions, respectively.