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Crescimento e distribuição: revisão de um modelo clássico

Author

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  • Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira

Abstract

Este artigo discute a distribuição e as fases históricas do capitalismo. Parte da premissa de que o progresso técnico e o econômico estão em andamento e, dado isso, sua pergunta se refere à distribuição funcional da renda entre trabalho e capital, tendo por referência a teoria clássica da distribuição e a tendência declinante da taxa de lucro de Marx. Partindo da experiência histórica, o artigo primeiramente inverte o modelo, tratando a taxa de lucro como a variável constante no longo prazo e a taxa de salário como o resíduo; em segundo lugar, distingue três tipos de progresso técnico (poupador de capital, neutro e dispendioso de capital) e o aplica à história do capitalismo, tendo por referência o Reino Unido e a França. Dados esses três tipos de progresso técnico, distingue quatro fases de crescimento capitalista, dentre as quais apenas a segunda condiz com a previsão de Marx. A fase final, posterior à Segunda Guerra Mundial, deveria, em tese, ser poupadora de capital, consistentemente com um crescimento dos salários superior ao da produtividade. Em vez disso, desde a década de 1970 os salários foram mantidos estagnados nos países ricos por causa, primeiro, do fato de que a Revolução da Tecnologia de Informação e Comunicação provou ser altamente consumidora de capital abrindo caminho para uma nova onda de substituição do trabalho por capital; segundo, da nova competição vinda de países em desenvolvimento; terceiro, do surgimento da classe tecnoburocrática, ou liberal; e, quarto, do novo poder da coalização de classe neoliberal que associou capitalistas rentistas e financistas. This paper discusses distribution and the historical phases of capitalism. It assumes that technical progress and growth are taking place, and, given that, its question is on the functional distribution of income between labor and capital, having as reference classical theory of distribution and Marx’s falling tendency of the rate of profit. Based on the historical experience, it, first, inverts the model, making the rate of profit as the constant variable in the long run and the wage rate, as the residuum; second, it distinguishes three types of technical progress (capital-saving, neutral and capital-using) and applies it to the history of capitalism, having the UK and France as reference. Given these three types of technical progress, it distinguishes four phases ofcapitalist growth, where only the second is consistent with Marx prediction. The last phase, after World War II, should be, in principle, capital-saving, consistent with growth of wages above productivity. Instead, since the 1970s wages were kept stagnant in rich countries because of, first, the fact that the Information and Communication Technology Revolution proved to be highly capital-using, opening room for a new wage of substitution of capital for labor; second, the new competition coming from developing countries; third, the emergence of the technobureaucratic or professional class; and, fourth, the new power of the neoliberal class coalition associating rentier capitalists and financiers.

Suggested Citation

  • Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, 1981. "Crescimento e distribuição: revisão de um modelo clássico," Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, FGV EAESP, vol. 1(1), January.
  • Handle: RePEc:ekm:repojs:v:1:y:1981:i:1:id:96871
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