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As duas formas de capitalismo: desenvolvimentista e liberal econômico

Author

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  • Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira

Abstract

Este artigo argumenta que o Estado e o mercado são as principais instituições que regulam o capitalismo e, consequentemente, que a forma de organização econômica e política do capitalismo ou é desenvolvimentista ou é liberal. O artigo define Estado desenvolvimentista, o relaciona com a formação de uma coalizão de classe desenvolvimentista, e assinala que o capitalismo nasceu desenvolvimentista no mercantilismo, tornou-se liberal no século XIX e, depois de 1929, tornou-se novamente desenvolvimentista, mas agora democrático e social. Todas as revoluções industriais e capitalistas ocorreram no quadro do desenvolvimentismo, onde o Estado coordena o setor não competitivo da economia e os cinco preços macroeconômicos (que o mercado é incapaz de tornar “certos”), enquanto o mercado coordena o setor competitivo. Na década de 1970, uma crise abriu espaço para uma forma de capitalismo neoliberal ou financeiro-rentista. Desde a crise financeira global de 2008, a hegemonia neoliberal chegou ao fim e, a partir de então, estamos passando por um período de transição. This paper argues that the state and the market are the main institutions regulating capitalism, and, correspondingly, that the form of the economic and political coordination of capitalism will be either developmental or liberal. It defines the developmental state, relates it to the formation of a developmental class coalition, and notes that capitalism was born developmental in its mercantilist phase, turned liberal in the nineteenth century, and, after 1929, became once again developmental, but, now, democratic and progressive. All industrial and capitalist revolutions took place within the framework of developmentalism, whereby the state coordinates the non-competitive sector of the economy and the five macroeconomic prices (which the market is unable to make “right”), while the market coordinates the competitive sector. In the 1970s, a crisis opened the way for a short-lived and reactionary form of capitalism, neoliberalism or rentier-financier capitalism. Since the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, the neoliberal hegemony has come to an end, and we are now experiencing a period of transition.

Suggested Citation

  • Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira, 1981. "As duas formas de capitalismo: desenvolvimentista e liberal econômico," Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, FGV EAESP, vol. 1(1), January.
  • Handle: RePEc:ekm:repojs:v:1:y:1981:i:1:id:96870
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