Digital Twin-integrated circular Dry Port-Seaport network with smart contract and viability Dimensions: A case study

Digital twins have emerged as a transformative technology with the potential to advance human-centric systems in alignment with Industry 5.0 (I5.0). The introduction of I5.0, along with the concept of viability, has significantly influenced various research fields. However, the integration of these elements in the context of the Dry Port-Seaport Logistics Network (DPSLN), a key component of global trade and economic growth, has been rarely examined. Moreover, the circular economy, which is closely associated with I5.0, offers a sustainable framework for addressing waste management challenges. To bridge this gap, this study proposes a two-stage mathematical model to establish a viable circular DPSLN by incorporating resilience, sustainability, digitalization, and human-centricity (the key dimensions of I5.0) through digital twin and smart contract architecture. A real-world case study identifies the indicators and strategies required to transition from traditional DPSLN operations to an I5.0-based viable network. In the first stage, the Stochastic Fuzzy Best-Worst Method (SFBWM) is applied to prioritize dry port locations. The second stage focuses on minimizing costs and environmental impacts, while maximizing job creation and enhancing responsiveness, resilience, and agility. Uncertainty is managed using a fuzzy robust stochastic method, and the model is solved through the Stochastic Meta-Goal Programming (SMGP) approach. Sensitivity analyses reveal that rising demand significantly increases unfulfilled demand and negatively affects sustainability and responsiveness. Strategies such as the omni-channel and digital twins improve responsiveness, boosting exports and imports by 26% and 29%, respectively. Similarly, smart contracts enhance resilience (by 45%) and agility (by 25%), albeit at higher setup costs.